{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:28:07Z","timestamp":1762543687233,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":212,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Trans. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866122004320_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The US South is the epicenter of the epidemic of mass incarceration. Prisons have experienced substantial challenges in preventing COVID-19. Incarcerated individuals and prison staff are at a high risk for infection due to minimal available preventive measures. Prisons are not closed systems and many staff come from communities in close proximity to the facility. Characteristics of the communities immediately surrounding prisons are an overlooked but critical factor to better understand the role prisons play in pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866122004320_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We used facility-level COVID-19 data from the COVID Prison Project to identify the number of unique outbreaks between May 2019 and May 2020. We used a county-level composite indicator of economic distress (DCI score) to identify the environment surrounding each prison (2015\u20132019). We modeled the number of outbreaks to DCI scores using negative binomial regression, adjusting for race\/ethnicity (African American and Latino\/Hispanic), age (65 and older), and rurality level.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2059866122004320_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our sample included 570 prisons in 368 counties across 13 Southern states. We found that score was positively and significantly associated with prison COVID-19 outbreaks (aRR, 1.012; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), and rurality was potentially a stronger surrogate measure of economic distress (aRR, 1.35; p, 0.02). Economic stability is a key precursor to physical health. Poorer communities have been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, and we found that prisons located in these communities were more susceptible to recurring outbreaks. Prison-based disease prevention interventions should consider the impact that the outside world has on the health of incarcerated individuals.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2022.432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T08:26:22Z","timestamp":1659342382000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surveillance of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons in the US South: The role of economic distress in the communities surrounding prison facilities"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mofan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Pro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolas","family":"Zaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30371-6"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4392"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref15","unstructured":"15. Cromartie, J , Dobis, EA , Krumel, TP , McGranahan, D , Pender, J. Rural America at a glance: 2020 edition. Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-221). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2020."},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305713"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244346"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref28","unstructured":"28. Rubin-Miller, L , Alban, C , Artiga, S , Sullivan, S. COVID-19 racial disparities in testing, infection, hospitalization, and death: analysis of epic data [Internet], 2020 [cited May 18, 2022]. (https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/covid-19-racial-disparities-testing-infection-hospitalization-death-analysis-epic-patient-data\/)"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref13","unstructured":"13. Southern Center for Human Rights. Mass incarceration [Internet], 2022. 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(https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/tracking-social-determinants-of-health-during-the-covid-19-pandemic\/)"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1966-x"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref35","unstructured":"35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 NCHS urban-rural classification scheme for counties. Vital and Health Statistics, series 2, number 166. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2014."},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145094"},{"key":"S2059866122004320_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14499-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical and Translational Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2059866122004320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T08:28:49Z","timestamp":1661329729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2059866122004320\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"alternative-id":["S2059866122004320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cts.2022.432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2059-8661"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2059-8661"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"article-number":"e101"}}