{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:42:19Z","timestamp":1791092539145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1935789313000980_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hurricane Sandy's October 29, 2012 arrival in New York City caused flooding, power disruption, and population displacement. Infectious disease risk may have been affected by floodwater exposure, residence in emergency shelters, overcrowding, and lack of refrigeration or heating. For 42 reportable diseases that could have been affected by hurricane-related exposures, we developed methods to assess whether hurricane-affected areas had higher disease incidence than other areas of NYC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789313000980_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified post-hurricane cases as confirmed, probable, or suspected cases with onset or diagnosis between October 30 and November 26 that were reported via routine passive surveillance. Pre-hurricane cases for the same 4-week period were identified in 5 prior years, 2007\u20132011. Cases were geocoded to the census tract of residence. Using data compiled by the NYC Office of Emergency Management, we determined (1) the proportion of the population in each census tract living in a flooded block and (2) the subset of flooded tracts severely \u201cimpacted\u201d, e.g., by prolonged service outages or physical damage. A separate multivariable regression model was constructed for each disease, modeling the outcome of case counts using a negative binomial distribution. Independent variables were: neighborhood poverty; whether cases were pre- or post-hurricane (time); the proportion of the population flooded in impacted and not impacted tracts; and interaction terms between the flood\/impact variables and time. Models used repeated measures to adjust for correlated observations from the same tract and an offset term of the log of the population size. Sensitivity analyses assessed the effects of case count fluctuations and accounted for variations in reporting volume by using an offset term of the log of total cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789313000980_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only legionellosis was statistically significantly associated with increased occurrence in flooded\/impacted areas post-hurricane, adjusting for baseline differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .04). However, there was only 1 legionellosis case post-hurricane in a flooded\/impacted area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789313000980_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hurricane Sandy did not appear to elevate reportable disease incidence in NYC. Defining and acquiring reliable data and meta-data regarding hurricane-affected areas was a challenge in the weeks post-storm. Relevant metrics could be developed during disaster preparedness planning. These methods to detect excess disease can be adapted for future emergencies. (<jats:italic>Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness<\/jats:italic>. 2013;7:513-521)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2013.98","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T09:08:07Z","timestamp":1385456887000},"page":"513-521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assessment of Reportable Disease Incidence After Hurricane Sandy, New York City, 2012"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sharon K.","family":"Greene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisha L.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Konty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie D.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref22","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. American Community Survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. http:\/\/www.census.gov\/acs\/. Accessed February 7, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060779"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2010.hcn10005"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref23","article-title":"As students move back in, some evacuees are set adrift again","volume":"A20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref25","unstructured":"Paladini M . The syndromic surveillance response to Hurricane Sandy, New York City. Paper presented at: 2012 International Society for Disease Surveillance Conference; December 4, 2012; San Diego, CA."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref2","volume-title":"The Public Health Consequences of Disasters","author":"Toole","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref16","article-title":"Notifiable diseases and mortality tables","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510050057027"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref27","unstructured":"Gibbs LI , Holloway CF . Hurricane Sandy After Action: Report and Recommendations to Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg; May 2013. NYC.gov website. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/recovery\/downloads\/pdf\/sandy_aar_5.2.13.pdf. Accessed May 6, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref13","volume-title":"Natural Diasters and Public Health: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref1","unstructured":"New York City Office of Emergency Management. NYC hazards: hurricane sheltering. NYC.gov website. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/oem\/html\/hazards\/storms_sheltering.shtml. Accessed June 28, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref26","unstructured":"New York City Department of City Planning. Current estimates of New York City's population for July 2011. NYC.gov website. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/dcp\/html\/census\/popcur.shtml. Accessed February 26, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref28","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Health department issues food safety and water guidelines for New Yorkers as power is restored in some areas [press release]. New York, NY: Office of the Mayor; November 2, 2012. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/html\/pr2012\/pr033-12.shtml. Accessed April 26, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.098996"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref14","volume-title":"Public Health Management of Disasters: The Practice Guide","author":"Landesman","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2010.32"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref11","first-page":"136","article-title":"Hurricane Katrina's impact on infectious disease surveillance","volume":"158","author":"Straif-Bourgeois","year":"2006","journal-title":"J La State Med Soc"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref7","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Surveillance for illness and injury after Hurricane Katrina--New Orleans, Louisiana, September 8-25, 2005","volume":"54","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Selecting and Applying a Standard Area-Based Socioeconomic Status Measure for Public Health Data: Analysis for New York City","author":"Toprani","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref10","first-page":"727","article-title":"Morbidity surveillance after Hurricane Katrina--Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, September 2005","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref9","first-page":"32","article-title":"Surveillance in hurricane evacuation centers--Louisiana, September-October 2005","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref29","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Health department warns of health risks of living in buildings and homes without heat [press release]. New York, NY: Office of the Mayor; November 23, 2012. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/html\/pr2012\/pr035-12.shtml. Accessed April 26, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116684"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref24","unstructured":"Ridpath AD , Bregman B , Jones L , etal. Communicable disease surveillance in New York City evacuation shelters after Hurricane Sandy\u2014November 2012. Paper presented at: 62nd Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Conference; April 22, 2013; Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400304"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref19","volume-title":"Technical documentation: 2010 Census Summary File 1","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref15","unstructured":"NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Diseases reportable to the Bureau of Communicable Disease. NYC.gov website. http:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/html\/data\/cd-epiquery.shtml. Accessed February 6, 2013."},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.032482"},{"key":"S1935789313000980_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.155"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789313000980","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T19:41:50Z","timestamp":1556048510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789313000980\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935789313000980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2013.98","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}