{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:25:50Z","timestamp":1780431950204,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A widely produced chemical, chlorine is used in various industries including automotive, electronics, disinfectants, metal production, and many others. Chlorine is usually produced and transported as a pressurized liquid; however, as a gas it is a significant pulmonary irritant. Thousands of people are exposed to chlorine gas every year, and while large-scale exposures are uncommon, they are not rare. Symptoms are usually related to the concentration and length of exposure, and although treatment is largely supportive, certain specific therapies have yet to be validated with randomized controlled trials. The majority of those exposed completely recover with supportive care; however, studies have shown the potential for persistent inflammation and chronic hyperreactivity. This case report describes an incident that occurred in Graniteville, South Carolina, when a train derailment exposed hundreds of people to chlorine gas. This report reviews the events of January 6, 2005, and the current treatment options for chlorine gas exposure.(<jats:italic>Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.<\/jats:italic> 2014;0:1-6)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.81","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T14:11:52Z","timestamp":1410876712000},"page":"411-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Management of Chlorine Gas-Related Injuries From the Graniteville, South Carolina, Train Derailment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Mackie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Svendsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill E.","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref11","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for chlorine; November 2010. http:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/ToxProfiles\/tp172.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000078689.45384.8B"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2004.00563.x"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/163.2.102"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199712000-00014"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(90)90014-M"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659409017956"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0309-8"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4324"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref13","volume-title":"Haddad and Winchester\u2019s Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose","author":"Perez","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.10.022"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.04.037"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4110"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.863906"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.12.006"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.06.009"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-945"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181bfdc67"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600822615"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200001000-00017"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref3","first-page":"151","article-title":"Chlorine gas: an evolving hazardous material threat and unconventional weapon","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref6","first-page":"325869","article-title":"The immediate pulmonary disease pattern following exposure to high concentrations of chlorine gas","author":"Balte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379300900304"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0130-6"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref12","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board. Collision of Norfolk Southern freight train 192 with Norfolk Southern local train P22 with subsequent hazardous materials release at Graniteville, South Carolina; January 6, 2005. Washington, DC, National Transportation Safety Board. http:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/doclib\/reports\/2005\/RAR0504.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.97.4.820"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/56.4.430"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809162593"},{"key":"S1935789314000810_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(16)39166-8"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789314000810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:09:07Z","timestamp":1555891747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789314000810\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935789314000810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2014.81","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]}}}