{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:49:07Z","timestamp":1784080147591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464307200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1935789316000318_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Health diplomacy has increasingly become a crucial element in forging political neutrality and conflict resolution and the World Health Organization has strongly encouraged its use. Global turmoil has heightened, especially in the Middle East, and with it, political, religious, and cultural differences have become major reasons to incite crises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789316000318_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors cite the example of the human stampede and the deaths of over 2000 pilgrims during the 2015 annual Haj pilgrimage in Mecca.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789316000318_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The resulting political conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia had the potential to escalate into a more severe political and military crisis had it not been for the ministers of health from both countries successfully exercising \u201csoft power\u201d options.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789316000318_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global health security demands critical health diplomacy skills and training for all health providers. (<jats:italic>Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness<\/jats:italic>. 2016;page 1 of 4)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2016.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]],"date-time":"2016-05-27T06:05:21Z","timestamp":1464329121000},"page":"724-727","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["When Health Diplomacy Serves Foreign Policy: Use of Soft Power to Quell Conflict and Crises"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nasim Sadat","family":"Hosseini Divkolaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hadi","family":"Radfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Seighali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Frederick M.","family":"Burkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref24","unstructured":"Hess G , Pfeiffer M . Comparative analysis of WHO \u201cHealth as a Bridge for Peace\u201d case studies. Humanitarian Health Action. World Health Organization website. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/techguidance\/hbp\/comparative_analysis\/en\/index5.html. Published December 2015. Accessed January 7, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Global health diplomacy: a bridge to innovative collaborative action. Innovating for health and development","volume":"5","author":"Novotney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Forum Update on Research for Health"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref23","volume-title":"Healthcare Providers and Peace Building: A Developing Public Health Concept. International Conference on Violent Conflict and Public Health","author":"Burkle","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60378-X"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref10","unstructured":"Nye J . Soft power: the means to success in world politics. Foreign Affairs. https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/reviews\/capsule-review\/2004-05-01\/soft-power-means-success-world-politics. Published May\/June 2004. Accessed November 25, 2015."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1935789316000318_ref11.1","unstructured":"3. Burkle FM Jr, Martone G, Greenough PG . The Changing Face of Humanitarian Crises. Brown Journal of World Affairs. Spring\/Summer 2014;XX"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1935789316000318_ref11.2","unstructured":"4. :25-42. http:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/BROWN%20JOURNAL%20HUM%20CRISES%20BURKLE%20MARTONE%20GRRENOUGH%202014.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref17","unstructured":"The presence of Iranian MOH in Saudi Arabia was very helpful. Moj News Agency. http:\/\/tnews.ir\/news\/D59849449689.html. Published October 5, 2015. Accessed November 29, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref4","volume-title":"Preventing Deadly Conflict","year":"December 1997"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref1","unstructured":"Global Health Diplomacy. World Health Organization website. http:\/\/www.who.int\/trade\/diplomacy\/en\/. Accessed November 27, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref6","unstructured":"Hopkins DR , Withers PG . Sudan\u2019s war and eradication of Dracunculiasis. The Carter Center website. Available at: http:\/\/www.cartercenter.org\/news\/documents\/doc1255.html. Accessed Published March 18, 2003. November 25, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref9","unstructured":"ANERA. Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon. ANERA Reports. Vol. 3. http:\/\/www.anera.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/LEBRefugeeReport.pdf. Published June 2012. Accessed January 7, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685854065","volume-title":"Do No Harm: How Aid can Support Peace---or War","author":"Anderson","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref12","unstructured":"Gambrell J . Saudi Arabia hajj disaster death toll at least 2,177. AP. http:\/\/bigstory.ap.org\/article\/578f12d781d04f82a7ccf14f818e9280\/saudi-arabia-hajj-disaster-death-toll-least-2110. Published October 20, 2015. Accessed May 5, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref16","unstructured":"The condolence of Saudi government to Iranians. IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency). http:\/\/www.irna.ir\/fa\/News\/81780499\/. Published October 1, 2015. Accessed May 14, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref5","unstructured":"Humanitarian Health Action: Health as a Bridge to Peace - Humanitarian Cease-Fires Project (HCFP). World Health Organization website. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hac\/techguidance\/hbp\/cease-fires\/en\/. Accessed November 25, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.045856"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health, peace and humanitarian cease-Fires","volume":"8","author":"Ebersole","year":"December 2000","journal-title":"Health in Emergencies"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Health services for refugees in host country hospitals: Croatia (1993-1997)","volume":"6","author":"Richards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Glob Surviv"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.056002","article-title":"Foreign policy and global public health: working together towards common goals","volume":"86","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref7","unstructured":"Reed R. Lifelines to the Innocent: Children caught in War. A Framework for Survival. Cahill K, Ed. New York: Basic Books; 1993."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref13","unstructured":"Iranian death toll from Mina crush at 464. PressTV. http:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2015\/10\/01\/431485\/Iran-pilgrims-Mina-crush. Published October 1, 2015. Accessed November 27, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref15","unstructured":"Mina Crush; sign of Iran-Saudi Arabia continued tension? The Iran Project. http:\/\/theiranproject.com\/blog\/2015\/10\/06\/mina-crush-sign-of-iran-saudi-arabia-continued-tension\/. Published October 6, 2015. Accessed on 25 October 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref14","unstructured":"36 Iranian Hajj pilgrims still missing. IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency). http:\/\/www.irna.ir\/en\/News\/81859124\/. Published November 29, 2015. Accessed November 30, 2015."},{"key":"S1935789316000318_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000226"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789316000318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T18:50:51Z","timestamp":1656615051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789316000318\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935789316000318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2016.31","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,27]]}}}