{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:57:26Z","timestamp":1773921446659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since February 2015, Zika virus has spread throughout the Western Hemisphere, starting in Brazil. As of March 2016, autochthonous transmission has been reported in at least 31 countries or territories. For countries in the Americas, the spread of Zika virus, a previously unfamiliar disease, follows similar emerging infection introductions of West Nile virus and Chikungunya virus and their spread throughout the American continents and the Caribbean nations. The Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization have issued alerts and a Public Health Emergency of International Concern announcement related to the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil that are temporally associated with Zika virus, which highlights the possible adverse impact of viral infection. This article provides an overview of the Zika virus infection and presents the historical background of the virus, a description of the pathogen, the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of Zika virus infection, diagnosis and treatment approaches, and prevention and control measures. Understanding what is known about the virus and its clinical presentation will assist in prevention, detection, and response measures to reduce and control the spread of the virus throughout the Western Hemisphere. (<jats:italic>Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness<\/jats:italic>. 2016;page 1 of 6)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2016.43","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T10:53:33Z","timestamp":1459248813000},"page":"707-712","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Zika Virus: A Basic Overview of an Emerging Arboviral Infection in the Western Hemisphere"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kelly G.","family":"Vest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6505e1er"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6508e1"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/symptoms\/index.html. Version current February 3, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref1","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological Alert - Zika Virus Infection. 7 May 2015. http:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=30075&lang=en. Published May 7, 2015. Accessed February 10, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2006.ET2006"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00003-9"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. WHO website. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/statements\/2016\/1st-emergency-committee-zika\/en\/. Published February 1, 2016. Accessed February 2, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref43","article-title":"Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil [published online ahead of print February 9, 2016]","author":"de Paula Freitas","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref15","first-page":"18","article-title":"Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref51","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus: clinical evaluation & disease. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/hc-providers\/clinicalevaluation.html. Version current February 5, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90029-3"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61151-9"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.141380"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref38","unstructured":"Smith DW , Mackenzie J . Zika virus and Guillain-Barre syndrome: another viral cause to add to the list [published online ahead of print February 29, 2016]. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(1016)00564-X."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20751"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref52","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus: prevention. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/prevention\/index.html. Version current February 5, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101939"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref34","unstructured":"Boadle A . Brazil reports Zika infection from blood transfusions. Reuters.com. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-zika-brazil-blood-idUSKCN0VD22N. Published February 4, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20761"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref11","first-page":"981","volume-title":"Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine","volume":"Vol 1","author":"Gubler","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref47","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive - 2015 Case Definition 21 January 2016. http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nndss\/conditions\/arboviral-diseases-neuroinvasive-and-non-neuroinvasive\/case-definition\/2015\/. Accessed February 12, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.10.005"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref33","unstructured":"Mansuy JM , Dutertre M , Mengelle C , et al. Zika virus: high infectious viral load in semen, a new sexually transmitted pathogen (letter) [published online ahead of print March 3, 2016]? Lancet Infect Dis. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(1016)00138-00139."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6505e2er"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref39","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome [published online ahead of print February 29, 2016]","author":"Willison","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref44","article-title":"Zika Virus infection and the eye [published online ahead of print February 9, 2016]","author":"Jampol","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00006-4"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Zika Situation Report - Neurological Syndrome and Congenital Anomalies. 4 March 2016. WHO website. http:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/zika-virus\/situation-report\/en\/. Accessed March 7, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref49","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus: diagnostic testing. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/hc-providers\/diagnostic.html. Version current February 11, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6508e2"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref5","volume-title":"Committee on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health., Lederberg J, Shope RE, Oaks SC. Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141363"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref40","article-title":"Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection [published online ahead of print March 3, 2016]","author":"Mecharles","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00624-3"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref41","article-title":"Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro - preliminary report [published online ahead of print March 4, 2016]","author":"Brasil","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6509e2"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090442"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref17","first-page":"57","article-title":"Twelve Isolations of Zika virus from Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus (Theobald) taken in and above a Uganda forest","volume":"31","author":"Haddow","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6503e2"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.1.73"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref32","unstructured":"McNeil DG , Tavernise S . Zika infection transmitted by sex reported in Texas. The New York Times. http:\/\/nyti.ms\/206J6vS. Published February 2, 2016. Accessed February 10, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref35","unstructured":"American Association of Blood Banks. Association Bulletin #16-04: Zika, Dengue, and Chikungunya Viruses. 1 March 2016. http:\/\/www.aabb.org\/programs\/publications\/bulletins\/Documents\/ab16-04.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref37","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study [published online ahead of print February 29, 2016]","author":"Cao-Lormeau","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref2","unstructured":"International Society for Infectious Diseases. Undiagnosed Illness - Brazil: (Northeast, Rio de Janeiro) Zika Virus Suspected. http:\/\/www.promedmail.org\/post\/20150501.3334749. Published May 1, 2015. Accessed February 10, 2016."},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001792"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90106-2"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506e1"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00080-5"},{"key":"S1935789316000434_ref48","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised diagnostic testing for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses in US. Public Health Lab. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/zika\/pdfs\/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf. Published February 7, 2016. Accessed February 12, 2016."}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789316000434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T18:36:45Z","timestamp":1555612605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789316000434\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935789316000434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2016.43","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]}}}