{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:15:14Z","timestamp":1789805714788,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Outbreaks of emerging infectious disease are a constant threat. In the last 10 years, there have been outbreaks of 2009 influenza A (H1N1), Ebola virus disease, and Zika virus. Stigma associated with infectious disease can be a barrier to adopting healthy behaviors, leading to more severe health problems, ongoing disease transmission, and difficulty controlling infectious disease outbreaks. Much has been learned about infectious disease and stigma in the context of nearly 4 decades of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. In this paper, we define stigma, discuss its relevance to infectious disease outbreaks, including how individuals and communities can be affected. Adapting lessons learned from the rich literature on HIV-related stigma, we propose a strategy for reducing stigma during infectious disease outbreaks such as Ebola virus disease and Zika virus. The implementation of brief, practical strategies such as the ones proposed here might help reduce stigma and facilitate more effective control of emerging infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2018.157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T09:40:59Z","timestamp":1559554859000},"page":"989-994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Addressing Disease-Related Stigma During Infectious Disease Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leah S.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Mansergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Santibanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18734"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2016.0223"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.09.008"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0181"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0095","article-title":"Disease avoidance as a functional basis for stigmatization","volume":"366","author":"Oaten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.09.026"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref29","unstructured":"29. Hunt D , Sol\u00eds D. Dallas\u2019 Vickery Meadow residents enduring backlash over Ebola. The Dallas Morning News. October 2014. http:\/\/www.dallasnews.com\/news\/metro\/20141006-dallas-vickery-meadow-residents-endure-shunning-over-ebola.ece. Accessed January 12, 2018."},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0925"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198114529131","article-title":"Community impact of pharmacy-randomized intervention to improve access to syringes and services for injection drug users","volume":"41","author":"Crawford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051827","article-title":"Internalised homophobia is differentially associated with sexual risk behaviour by race\/ethnicity and HIV serostatus among substance-using men who have sex with men in the United States","volume":"91","author":"Mansergh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.4.291.40401","article-title":"The influence of stigma on the sexual risk behavior of rural men who have sex with men","volume":"16","author":"Preston","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.1.56"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.01.015"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1164-1","article-title":"The association of HIV-related stigma to HIV medication adherence: a systematic review and synthesis of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Sweeny","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801926977"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.023","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of substance use among trans female youth ages 16-24 years in the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"147","author":"Rowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0030"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.mhst1-1003","article-title":"Stigmatization complicates infectious disease management","volume":"12","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0737-1209.2005.220504.x","article-title":"The experience of quarantine for individuals affected by SARS in Toronto","volume":"22","author":"Cava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1061"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9601-7","article-title":"AIDS-related stigma among black and Hispanic young adults","volume":"13","author":"Darrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref42","first-page":"442","article-title":"Impact of HIV-positive speakers in a multicomponent, school-based HIV\/STD prevention program for inner-city adolescents.","volume":"12","author":"Markham","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881400394X","article-title":"Tuberculosis-related stigma leading to an incomplete contact investigation in a low incidence country","volume":"143","author":"Faccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.1998.0196"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities","volume":"103","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJPH"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0909","article-title":"Using 15 DHS surveys to study epidemiological correlates of TB courtesy stigma and health-seeking behaviour","volume":"21","author":"Rood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref3","unstructured":"3. American Experience. The forgotten plague: TB in America: 1895\u20131954. Episode premiered in 2015. https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/plague-gallery\/. Accessed July 16, 2018."},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref30","unstructured":"30. Sanders S. Dallas Ebola patient\u2019s neighborhood deals with new stigma. All Things Considered. October 7, 2014. http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2014\/10\/07\/354371663\/dallas-ebola-patients-neighborhood-deals-with-new-stigma. Accessed January 12, 2018."},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2016.0038","article-title":"Infectious disease physicians\u2019 perceptions about Ebola preparedness early in the US response: a qualitative analysis and lessons for the future","volume":"14","author":"Santiba\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Secur"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011453","article-title":"Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV\/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses","volume":"6","author":"Rueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2016.1200640","article-title":"Psychosocial well-being of people living with HIV and the community before and after a HIV stigma-reduction community \u201chub\u201d network intervention","volume":"15","author":"Prinsloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0581","article-title":"Measuring TB-related stigma","volume":"21","author":"Maleche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2054-5"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90544-5"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref28","unstructured":"28. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Health sector resilience checklist for high-consequence infectious diseases\u2013informed by the domestic US Ebola response. Published 2017. http:\/\/www.centerforhealthsecurity.org\/our-work\/pubs_archive\/pubs-pdfs\/2017\/HCID_Final_Report_05.23.2017.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2017."},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.819409"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0392-x"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/HE12906"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2013.791386","article-title":"Going beyond the clinic: confronting stigma and discrimination among men who have sex with men in Mysore through community-based participatory research","volume":"24","author":"Lorway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.900"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.1.49.23844","article-title":"Interventions to reduce HIV\/AIDS stigma: what have we learned?","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"S193578931800157X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3","article-title":"From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures","volume":"13","author":"Earnshaw","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S193578931800157X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T08:10:25Z","timestamp":1581063025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S193578931800157X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S193578931800157X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2018.157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]}}}