{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:39:46Z","timestamp":1788957586014,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1935789319000624_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural disasters are becoming increasingly common, but it is unclear whether families can comprehend and use available resources to prepare for such emergencies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the literacy demands of risk communication materials on natural disasters for US families with children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789319000624_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In January 2018, we assessed 386 online self-directed learning resources related to emergency preparedness for natural disasters using 5 literacy assessment tools. Assessment scores were compared by information source, audience type, and disaster type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789319000624_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>One-in-three websites represented government institutions, and 3\/4 were written for a general audience. Nearly 1-in-5 websites did not specify a disaster type. Assessment scores suggest a mismatch between the general population\u2019s literacy levels and literacy demands of materials in the areas of readability, complexity, suitability, web usability, and overall audience appropriateness. Materials required more years of education beyond the grade level recommended by prominent health organizations. Resources for caregivers of children generally and children with special health care needs possessed lower literacy demands than materials overall, for most assessment tools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1935789319000624_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk communication and public health agencies could better align the literacy demands of emergency preparedness materials with the literacy capabilities of the general public.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2019.62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T09:59:31Z","timestamp":1565085571000},"page":"449-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An Evaluation of the Literacy Demands of Online Natural Disaster Preparedness Materials for Families"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Franks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca T.","family":"Leeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref1","unstructured":"1. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction: making development sustainable: the future of disaster risk management. Geneva, Switzerland; 2015. https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/english\/hyogo\/gar\/2015\/en\/gar-pdf\/GAR2015_EN.pdf. Accessed January 3, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref21","unstructured":"21. Kincaid, J , Fishburne, RJ , Rogers, R , Chissom, B . Research Branch Report 8-75: Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel. Millington, TN; 1975. http:\/\/www.dtic.mil\/dtic\/tr\/fulltext\/u2\/a006655.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15398285.2016.1142927"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2012.712612"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2017.137"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00006178"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref23","unstructured":"23. Doak, C , Doak, L , Root, J . Teaching patients with low literacy. JB Lippincott; 1996. https:\/\/www.popline.org\/node\/425267. Accessed March 14, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3112"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1162I"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0038"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839914538969"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref3","unstructured":"3. U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Preparedness in America: research insights to increase individual, organizational, and community action. Washington, DC; 2014. https:\/\/www.fema.gov\/media-library-data\/1409000888026-1e8abc820153a6c8cde24ce42c16e857\/20140825_Preparedness_in_America_August_2014_Update_508.pdf. Accessed January 24, 2019."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref24","unstructured":"24. Hodes, RJ , Lindberg, DAB . Making your website senior friendly: a checklist. Washington, DC; 2002. https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/pubs\/checklist.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304040"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2015.2"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref30","unstructured":"30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Public Health. Atlanta, GA; 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cpr\/readiness\/00_docs\/CDC_PreparednesResponseCapabilities_October2018_Final_508.pdf. Accessed December 11, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17538157.2013.812644"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.43"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/266577"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2017.80"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09576050110363167"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref35","unstructured":"35. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Quick guide to health literacy. Washington, DC; 2006. https:\/\/health.gov\/communication\/literacy\/quickguide\/Quickguide.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-11-2014-0224"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2008.10.002"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922810364657"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2018.0007"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref25","unstructured":"25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Clear Communication Index: a tool for developing and assessing CDC Public Communication Products User Guide. Atlanta, GA; 2014. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ccindex\/pdf\/clear-communication-user-guide.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2017."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31478\/201604a"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref32","unstructured":"32. National Center for Education Statistics. Adult literacy in America: a first look at the results of The National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington, DC; 2002. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs93\/93275.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref36","unstructured":"36. National Institutes of Health. Making health communication programs work. Washington, DC; 2013. http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/cancerlibrary\/pinkbook\/page5. Accessed August 2, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63254-4_13"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref34","volume-title":"Health Literacy: A Manual for Clinicians","author":"Weiss","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055614"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.497"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-10-34"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref33","unstructured":"33. National Institutes of Health. How to write easy-to-read health materials. Published 2017. https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/etr.html. Accessed December 11, 2018."},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref22","first-page":"638","article-title":"A new measure for assessing document complexity: the PMOSE\/IKIRSCH document readability formula","volume":"41","author":"Mosenthal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Adolesc Adult Lit"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1266"},{"key":"S1935789319000624_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303950"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789319000624","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T18:55:47Z","timestamp":1721588147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789319000624\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1935789319000624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2019.62","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]}}}