{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:37:25Z","timestamp":1791661045878,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Mass vaccination campaigns have been used effectively to limit the impact of communicable disease on public health. However, the scale of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination campaign is unprecedented. Mass vaccination sites consolidate resources and experience into a single entity and are essential to achieving community (\u201cherd\u201d) immunity rapidly, efficiently, and equitably. Health care systems, local and regional public health entities, emergency medical services, and private organizations can rapidly come together to solve problems and achieve success. As medical directors at several mass vaccination sites across the United States, we describe key mass vaccination site concepts, including site selection, operational models, patient flow, inventory management, staffing, technology, reporting, medical oversight, communication, and equity. Lessons learned from experience operating a diverse group of mass vaccination sites will help inform not only sites operating during the current pandemic, but also may serve as a blueprint for future outbreaks of highly infectious communicable disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T14:59:49Z","timestamp":1634309989000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Critical Concepts for COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Site Operations"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1501-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Resnick-Ault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujal","family":"Mandavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Goralnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref11","unstructured":"11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance for vaccinating older adults and people with disabilities for vaccination sites. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/clinical-considerations\/older-adults-and-disability.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref25","unstructured":"25. Sotkin, K , Klein, A. Frustration Lingers Over Extra Dose Fracas at Danvers Mass Vaccination Site. 2021. Published February 12, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.nbcboston.com\/news\/coronavirus\/frustration-lingers-over-extra-fracas-at-danvers-mass-vaccination-site\/2300995\/"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref15","unstructured":"15. Governor Cuomo Announces Best Single-Day Performance in Nation at Javits Center Mass Vaccination Site. Published March 8, 2021. Accessed April 2, 2021. https:\/\/www.governor.ny.gov\/news\/governor-cuomo-announces-best-single-day-performance-nation-javits-center-mass-vaccination-site"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref1","unstructured":"1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19\/moderna-covid-19-vaccine"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref12","unstructured":"12. Vlamis, K. The NFL has offered Biden all 30 of its stadiums to be used for mass COVID-19 vaccination sites. Business Insider. February 6, 2021. Accessed November 16, 2021. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/mass-covid-19-vaccine-sites-nfl-offers-biden-30-stadiums-2021-2."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2016.0030"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref30","unstructured":"30. Green, M. California\u2019s vaccine appointment website has glitches. No surprise? Mod Healthc. Published March 8, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.modernhealthcare.com\/technology\/californias-vaccine-appointment-website-has-glitches-no-surprise"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref36","unstructured":"36. 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Accessed April 14, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/info-by-product\/pfizer\/downloads\/standing-orders.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0801"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2019.0146","article-title":"Current state of mass vaccination preparedness and operational challenges in the United States, 2018-2019","volume":"18","author":"Hosangadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref19","unstructured":"19. Chua, L , Eckhouse, B. Protesters Disrupt L.A.\u02bcs Dodger Stadium Vaccination Site. Bloomberg.com. 2021:N.PAG-N.PAG. Published January 20, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-01-31\/protesters-disrupt-l-a-s-dodger-stadium-vaccination-site"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref20","unstructured":"20. Laughlin, J. Philly\u2019s First Federal COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Site Already Is Having to Fend Off People Who Aren\u2019t Eligible. Published March 1, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.inquirer.com\/health\/coronavirus\/vaccine-line-skipping-fema-convention-center-philadelphia-20210301.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2012.0101","article-title":"Drive-thru influenza immunization: fifteen years of experience","volume":"10","author":"Carrico","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Emerg Manag."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref46","article-title":"Operationalizing equity: a rapid-cycle innovation approach to Covid-19 vaccination in black neighborhoods","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2018.7"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref31","unstructured":"31. Siwicki, B. How top EHR vendors are prepping their systems for COVID-19 vaccines. Healthcare IT News. Published December 21, 2020. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/how-top-ehr-vendors-are-prepping-their-systems-covid-19-vaccines"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref2","unstructured":"2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19\/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref35","unstructured":"35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Satellite, temporary, and off-site vaccination clinic supply checklist. Published August 6, 2020. Accessed April 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/hcp\/admin\/mass-clinic-activities\/vaccination-clinic-supply-checklist.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref5","unstructured":"5. Goodnough, A. In quest for herd immunity, giant vaccination sites proliferate. The New York Times. February 28, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/02\/28\/health\/covid-vaccine-sites.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010268","article-title":"Artificial intelligence model of drive-through vaccination simulation","volume":"18","author":"As","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref37","unstructured":"37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Moderna COVID-19 vaccine: standing order for administering vaccine to persons 18 years of age and older. Published January 4, 2021. Accessed April 14, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/info-by-product\/moderna\/downloads\/standing-orders.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref29","unstructured":"29. Bray, H. \u201cThey need to figure this out\u201d: five ways to build a better vaccine registration site. Boston Globe. March 4, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/2021\/03\/04\/business\/they-need-figure-this-out-five-ways-build-better-vaccine-registration-site\/"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref10","unstructured":"10. Doody, K. Uber offers free trips to mass vaccination centres. Northern Echo. January 19, 2021. Accessed November 16, 2021. https:\/\/www.thenorthernecho.co.uk\/news\/19021446.uber-offers-free-trips-mass-vaccination-centres\/."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref32","unstructured":"32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccination program provider requirements and support. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/vaccination-provider-support.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref40","volume-title":"Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.04.268","article-title":"Drive through to kill the flu\u2014community outreach influenza vaccination program","volume":"37","author":"Burger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.05.018","article-title":"Drive-through COVID-19 testing during the 2020 pandemic: a safe, efficient, and scalable model for pediatric patients and health care workers","volume":"20","author":"Flynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.201"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.20.032","article-title":"Innovative screening tests for COVID-19 in South Korea","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref34","unstructured":"34. Tools to Assist Satellite, Temporary, and Off-Site Vaccination Clinics. National Adult and Influenza Immunization Summit (NAIIS). 2021. Accessed April 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.izsummitpartners.org\/naiis-workgroups\/influenza-workgroup\/off-site-clinic-resources\/"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref26","unstructured":"26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Training and education. Accessed April 25, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/training-education\/index.html"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305703"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2010.0043"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2013.148"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref16","unstructured":"16. Exum, A. Watershed Moment for Nashville: Inside the Effort to Vaccinate 10,000 in One Day. Nashville Tennessean. Published March 20, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.tennessean.com\/story\/news\/local\/williamson\/2021\/03\/20\/nashville-covid-vaccine-10000-vaccinations-one-day-titans-stadium\/4752523001\/."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref27","unstructured":"27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccine: vaccine administration competencies assessment form. Published February 28, 2021. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/downloads\/competencies-screening-checklist.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.12.017"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2102535","article-title":"Mass-vaccination sites\u2014an essential innovation to curb the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"384","author":"Goralnick","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124784-200309000-00011"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref41","unstructured":"41. Ndugga, N , Pham, O , Hill, L , et al. Latest data on COVID-19 vaccinations race\/ethnicity. KFF.org. 2021. Accessed April 12, 2020. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/latest-data-on-covid-19-vaccinations-race-ethnicity\/"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E58","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.200246","article-title":"Incorporating geographic information science and technology in response to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2020.0044","article-title":"Implementation science to address health disparities during the coronavirus pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Galaviz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Equity."},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.034"},{"key":"S1935789321003190_ref3","unstructured":"3. McNeil, D. How much herd immunity is enough? The New York Times. December 24, 2020. Accessed May 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/24\/health\/herd-immunity-covid-coronavirus.html"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789321003190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T14:24:00Z","timestamp":1675175040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789321003190\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1935789321003190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2021.319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"article-number":"e60"}}