{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:27:12Z","timestamp":1777361232737,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613433600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S193578932100046X_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this manuscript, we discuss the implementation and deployment of mobile integrated health and community paramedicine (MIH\/CP) testing sites to provide screening, testing, and community outreach during the first months of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in the metropolitan region of Charlotte, North Carolina. This program addresses the need for an agile testing strategy during the current pandemic. We disclose the number of patients evaluated as \u201cpersons under investigation\u201d and the proportion with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) results from these sites. We describe how the programs were applied to patient care and include considerations on how additional staffing, scalability, and flexibility of these services may be applied to future patient and health care crises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S193578932100046X_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a descriptive report of the implementation of MIH\/CP test sites in our health care system\u2019s early response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Retrospective data on the number of patients and their associated demographics are reported here as raw data. No statistical analysis was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S193578932100046X_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between March 15, 2020, and April 15, 2020, our 6 MIH\/CP test sites evaluated 4342 patients. Of these, 401 patients (9.2%) had positive test results, 62.8% of whom were women. The estimated duration of each patient encounter under investigation was 3 to 5 minutes. The paramedics were able to perform a brief history, specific physical examination, and screening for signs of hypoxemic respiratory failure. There were no cases of accidental exposure or failure of personal protective equipment for the MIH\/CP paramedics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S193578932100046X_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our health care system, we pivoted the traditional MIH\/CP model to rapidly initiate remote drive-through testing for COVID-19 in pre-screened individuals. This model allowed us to test patients with suspected COVID-19 patients away from traditional health care sites and mitigate exposure to health care workers and other patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T04:23:59Z","timestamp":1613449439000},"page":"2076-2082","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Implementation of Drive-Through Testing for COVID-19 With Community Paramedics"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1940-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Tyler","family":"Constantine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12855"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.11.025"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref12","unstructured":"12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluating and testing persons for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CDC. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-nCoV\/hcp\/clinical-criteria.html. Accessed April 1, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.562529"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01657.x"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref8","unstructured":"8. White, R , Wingrove, G. National Rural Health Association policy brief: principles for community paramedicine programs. National Rural Health Association. 2012. https:\/\/www.ruralhealthweb.org\/getattachment\/Advocate\/Policy-Documents\/PrinciplesforCommunityParamedicineSept-2012.pdf.aspx?lang=en-US. Accessed April 1, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e123"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref15","unstructured":"15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID View: a weekly surveillance summary of U.S. COVID-19 activity. CDC. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/covid-data\/covidview\/past-reports\/04172020.html. Accessed April 17, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref9","unstructured":"9. Eligon, J , Burch, A , Searcey, D , Oppel, R. Black Americans face alarming rates of coronavirus infection in some states. New York Times. April 7, 2020. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/07\/us\/coronavirus-race.html. Accessed April, 7, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.033"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref7","unstructured":"7. Newkirk, M , Del Giudice, V. Drive-through virus testing so popular they had to shut it down. Bloomberg. 2020. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-03-13\/drive-through-virus-testing-so-popular-they-had-to-shut-it-down. Accessed March 14, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m621"},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref3","unstructured":"3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings. CDC. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/infection-control\/control-recommendations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fhcp%2Finfection-control.html. Accessed April 1, 2020."},{"key":"S193578932100046X_ref13","unstructured":"13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human infection with 2019 novel coronavirus case report form. CDC. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/downloads\/pui-form.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2020."}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S193578932100046X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T11:05:04Z","timestamp":1666955104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S193578932100046X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S193578932100046X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2021.46","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}