{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:03:56Z","timestamp":1790629436737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ongoing pandemic disaster of coronavirus erupted with the first confirmed cases in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) novel coronavirus, the disease referred to as coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the outbreak and determined it a global pandemic. The current pandemic has infected nearly 300 million people and killed over 3 million. The current COVID-19 pandemic is smashing every public health barrier, guardrail, and safety measure in underdeveloped and the most developed countries alike, with peaks and troughs across time. Greatly impacted are those regions experiencing conflict and war. Morbidity and mortality increase logarithmically for those communities at risk and that lack the ability to promote basic preventative measures. States around the globe struggle to unify responses, make gains on preparedness levels, identify and symptomatically treat positive cases, and labs across the globe frantically rollout various vaccines and effective surveillance and therapeutic mechanisms. The incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 may continue to increase globally as no unified disaster response is manifested and disinformation spreads. During this failure in response, virus variants are erupting at a dizzying pace. Ungoverned spaces where nonstate actors predominate and active war zones may become the next epicenter for COVID-19 fatality rates. As the incidence rates continue to rise, hospitals in North America and Europe exceed surge capacity, and immunity post infection struggles to be adequately described. The global threat in previously high-quality, robust infrastructure health-care systems in the most developed economies are failing the challenge posed by COVID-19; how will less-developed economies and those health-care infrastructures that are destroyed by war and conflict fare until adequate vaccine penetrance in these communities or adequate treatment are established? Ukraine and other states in the Black Sea Region are under threat and are exposed to armed Russian aggression against territorial sovereignty daily. Ukraine, where Russia has been waging war since 2014, faces this specific dual threat: disaster response to violence and a deadly infectious disease. To best serve biosurveillance, aid in pandemic disaster response, and bolster health security in Europe, across the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO) and Black Sea regions, increased NATO integration, across Ukraine\u2019s disaster response structures within the Ministries of Health, Defense, and Interior must be reinforced and expanded to mitigate the COVID-19 disaster.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T05:58:16Z","timestamp":1616651896000},"page":"1753-1760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["COVID-19 at War: The Joint Forces Operation in Ukraine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Quinn V","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha Jigar","family":"Dhabalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lada L.","family":"Roslycky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Wilson V","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Cedric","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olesya","family":"Hulchiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Golubovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mykola","family":"Buriachyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kondratiuk","family":"Vadim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rostyslav","family":"Zauralskyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Vyrva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmytro","family":"Stepanskyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pokhil Sergiy","family":"Ivanovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Mironenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volodymyr","family":"Shportko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"McElligott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020078"},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref14","unstructured":"14. NATO. The Secretary General\u2019s Annual Report. 2019. https:\/\/www.nato.int\/nato_static_fl2014\/assets\/pdf\/2020\/3\/pdf_publications\/sgar19-en.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2021."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.025"},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref4","unstructured":"4. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHAb). Ukraine: humanitarian impact of COVID-19 - Situation Report No. 1 (As of April 15, 2020). https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/covid-19_uhf_allocation_final_with_annexes_and_protocol.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref15","unstructured":"15. Centers for Disease prevention and Control (CDC). CDC in Ukraine. 2019. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/82180. Accessed March 26. 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref7","unstructured":"7. Zelensky, V. Emergency measures to ensure national security in the context of an outbreak of acute COVID-19 respiratory disease caused by the SARS - CoV-2 coronavirus. Decree of the President of Ukraine \u211687\/2020. Pursuant to Article 107 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Constitution states. National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine enacted by this Decree. March 13, 2020, enacted. https:\/\/www.rnbo.gov.ua\/ua\/Diialnist\/4582.html. Accessed March 27, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref5","unstructured":"5. Talant, B. What Ukraine can learn from other countries\u2019 fights against coronavirus. Published March 20. https:\/\/www.kyivpost.com\/ukraine-politics\/what-ukraine-can-learn-from-other-countries-fights-against-coronavirus.html. Accessed March 26. 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref8","unstructured":"8. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Ukraine 2020 emergency response plan for the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/documents\/files\/ukraine_2020_emergency_response_plan_for_the_covid-19_pandemic_eng_1.pdf. Accessed April 21, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref12","unstructured":"12. Marofsi, G. Prospects for further NATO enlargement. Foreign Policy Review, 90. 2019. https:\/\/kki.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/FPR_2019_online_final.pdf#page=87. Accessed March 26, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4940"},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15330\/jpnu.4.3-4.34-41"},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref10","unstructured":"10. United Nations (UN). Meetings coverage, Security Council, \u201cUpcoming Period Will Be Crucial to Resolution of Conflict in Ukraine, International officials tell Security Council. Liberation Not Complete until Last Russian Soldier Leaves, Vows Deputy Foreign Minister, Flagging General Assembly Debate.\u201d SC\/14112, 18 February 2020 8726TH Meeting (PM). https:\/\/www.un.org\/press\/en\/2020\/sc14112.doc.htm. Accessed April 21, 2020"},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref3","unstructured":"3. Gvosdev, N. The effect of COVID-19 on the NATO alliance. Eurasian Program, March 23, 2020. https:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2020\/03\/the-effect-of-covid-19-on-the-nato-alliance\/. Accessed March 24, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref2","unstructured":"2. World Health Organization (WHO). Emergency preparedness, response: measles \u2013 global situation,\u201d disease outbreak news. 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/26-november-2019-measles-global_situation\/en\/. Accessed March 27, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789321000884_ref13","unstructured":"13. Kramer, FD , Binnendijk, H , Hamilton, DS. NATO\u2019s new strategy: stability generation. Atlantic Council. 2015. https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/in-depth-research-reports\/report\/nato-s-new-strategy-stability-generation\/. 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