{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:08:48Z","timestamp":1789092528602,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S193578932200026X_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Variations in the demand for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) exist when observed at a local level. This unspecified heterogeneity leads to an investigation of social factors contributing to EMS demand.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S193578932200026X_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Data for this study were collected from publicly available EMS reports from Florida and Oklahoma for 2009 - 2015. Health and social data were gathered from County health rankings and roadmap reports. Data were combined into a single dataset, and pooled ordinary-least-squares models with time-fixed effects were utilized for tests of inference. EMS call volume was log-transformed to derive a semi-elasticity function.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S193578932200026X_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A total of 874 county-year observations were analyzed. Increases in poor\/fair health (95% CI: 0.6% - 3.9%), binge drinking (95% CI: 1.6% - 3.5%), teen birth rate (95% CI: 1.1% - 5.2%), unemployment rate (95% CI: 0.5% - 3.9%), and violent crime rate (95% CI: 1.0% - 3.0%) were associated with an increase in the EMS demand rate.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S193578932200026X_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The data supports the notion that some community measures have an effect on EMS demand as counties with higher levels of poor health, binge drinking, teen births, unemployment, and violent crime saw higher EMS demand. These factors may have been treated as spurious, or overlooked by policy makers and EMS leadership.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2022.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T10:50:04Z","timestamp":1649674204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emergency Medical Services Demand: An Analysis of County-Level Social Determinants"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson D","family":"D\u00e9ziel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0121(69)90001-9"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279400019310"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676387"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-120"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0044-2"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.30.6.1148","article-title":"Estimating need and demand for prehospital care","volume":"30","author":"Kamenetzky","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oper Res."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.69.3.250"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.61.6.1156","article-title":"An analysis of the demand for emergency ambulance service in an urban area","volume":"61","author":"Aldrich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70221-X"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00214-3"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-015-0675-6"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref17","unstructured":"17. Oklahoma State Department of Health. Emergency systems. 2021. Accessed July 3, 2019. https:\/\/oklahoma.gov\/health\/protective-health\/emergency-systems\/ems-division.html."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2008.05.010"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12253"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027127"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2011.160"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.304964"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.25.1.489"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279400019310"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref16","unstructured":"16. Florida Department of Health. Emergency medical services system. 2021. Accessed July 3, 2019. https:\/\/www.floridahealth.gov\/licensing-and-regulation\/ems-system\/index.html."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref28","first-page":"669","article-title":"Trauma in the neighborhood: a geospatial analysis and assessment of social determinants of major injury in North America [published correction appears in","volume":"101","author":"Newgard","year":"2011","journal-title":"101(7):1158]. Am J Public Health. 2011"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref24","first-page":"254","article-title":"Predicting demand for publicly dispatched ambulances in a metropolitan area","volume":"10","author":"Siler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref9","unstructured":"9. United States department of health and human services. Healthy people 2020: an opportunity to address social determinants of health in the U.S; 2010."},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2015.1120712"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref21","volume-title":"Prospects and potentials","author":"St\u00e5hl","year":"2006"},{"key":"S193578932200026X_ref30","first-page":"06","article-title":"Rising ambulance life-threatening call demand in high and low socioeconomic areas","volume":"3","author":"Portz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychol Issues Organ. 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