{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T01:45:01Z","timestamp":1793670301707,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":95,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The remnants from Hurricane Ida in September 2021 caused unprecedented rainfall and inland flooding in New York City (NYC) and resulted in many immediate deaths. We reviewed death records (electronic death certificates and medical examiner reports) to systematically document the circumstances of death and demographics of decedents to inform injury prevention and climate adaptation actions for future extreme precipitation events. There were 14 Ida-related injury deaths in NYC, of which 13 (93%) were directly caused by Ida, and 1 (7%) was indirectly related. Most decedents were Asian (71%) and foreign-born (71%). The most common circumstance of death was drowning in unregulated basement apartments (71%). Themes that emerged from the death records review included the suddenness of flooding, inadequate exits, nighttime risks, and multiple household members were sometimes affected. These deaths reflect interacting housing and climate crises, and their disproportionate impact on disadvantaged populations needing safe and affordable housing. Climate adaptation actions, such as improving stormwater management infrastructure, informing residents about flood risk, implementing Federal Emergency Management Agency recommendations to make basements safer, and expanding emergency notification measures can mitigate risk. As climate change increases extreme precipitation events, multi-layered efforts are needed to keep residents safe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2024.49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:45:41Z","timestamp":1712292341000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Immediate Injury Deaths Related to the Remnants From Hurricane Ida in New York City, September 1-2, 2021"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2217-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Spira-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental Surveillance and Policy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref14","unstructured":"14. NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development. 2021 New York City housing and vacancy survey selected initial findings. 2022. Accessed June 26, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/hpd\/downloads\/pdfs\/services\/2021-nychvs-selected-initial-findings.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00511-x"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref20","unstructured":"20. NYC Department of Environmental Protection. Green infrastructure. 2023. Accessed October 24, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/dep\/water\/green-infrastructure.page"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref9","unstructured":"9. NYC Department of Buildings. Personal communication. April 4, 2023."},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref21","unstructured":"21. NYC Department of Environmental Protection. The Bluebelt Program. 2023. Accessed October 24, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/dep\/water\/the-bluebelt-program.page"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref13","unstructured":"13. Sheth, R , Neuwirth, R. New York\u2019s housing underground: a refuge and resource. 2021. Accessed October 30, 2023. https:\/\/prattcenter.net\/uploads\/0520\/1589551661187062\/Housing_Underground.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref8","unstructured":"8. Haag, M , Bromwich, JE. Most of the apartments where New Yorkers drowned were illegal residences. The New York Times. September 3, 2021. Accessed October 27, 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/09\/03\/nyregion\/nyc-illegal-basement-apartment-ida.html"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref11","unstructured":"11. NYC Housing Preservation and Development. Housing quality\/safety: basements and cellars. Accessed October 24, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/hpd\/services-and-information\/basement-and-cellar.page"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref10","unstructured":"10. Office of the New York State Attorney General. Attorney General James Calls on National Weather Service to increase language accessibility for severe weather warnings. 2022. Accessed October 30, 2023. https:\/\/ag.ny.gov\/press-release\/2022\/attorney-general-james-calls-national-weather-service-increase-language"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913064","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/913064","article-title":"Health effects of coastal storms and flooding in urban areas: a review and vulnerability assessment","volume":"2013","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health."},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2016.36","article-title":"Injury deaths related to Hurricane Sandy, New York City, 2012","volume":"10","author":"Seil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep."},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.6.1124","article-title":"Assessing disaster-attributed mortality: development and application of a definition and classification matrix","volume":"28","author":"Combs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref7","unstructured":"7. National Center for Health Statistics. A reference guide for certification of deaths in the event of a natural, human-induced, or chemical\/radiological disaster. 2017. Accessed October 24, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvss\/vsrg\/vsrg01.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref5","unstructured":"5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Death scene investigation after natural disaster or other weather-related events. 2017. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nceh\/hsb\/disaster\/docs\/DisasterDeathSceneToolkit-P.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref15","unstructured":"15. Afridi, L , Morris, R. New York\u2019s housing underground: 13 years later. 2021. Accessed October 30, 2023. https:\/\/prattcenter.net\/uploads\/1021\/1634833975615756\/Pratt_Center_New_Yorks_Housing_Undergound_13_Years_Later_102121.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref2","unstructured":"2. National Weather Service New York, NY. Post Tropical Depression Ida. Accessed May 2, 2023. https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/2bb3162ec37e43e791020d9d8f093bbf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref12","unstructured":"12. NYC Comptroller\u2019s Office. Bringing basement apartments into the light. 2022. Accessed October 31, 2023. https:\/\/comptroller.nyc.gov\/reports\/bringing-basement-apartments-into-the-light\/"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref16","unstructured":"16. Mackenzie, J. Seoul floods: at least eight dead amid heaviest rain in decades. BBC News. August 9, 2022. Accessed October 30, 2023. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-62462275"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref18","unstructured":"18. NYC Department of Buildings. 1938 Building Code \u00a7C26-391. Accessed October 30, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/buildings\/building_code\/1938BC_ARTICLE9.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref19","unstructured":"19. NYC Department of Environmental Protection. New York City Stormwater Flood Maps. Accessed October 24, 2023. https:\/\/experience.arcgis.com\/experience\/6f4cc60710dc433585790cd2b4b5dd0e"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref1","unstructured":"1. NYC Office of Management and Budget. NYC Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery Hurricane Ida Action Plan. 2022. Accessed June 12, 2023. https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/assets\/cdbgdr\/documents\/Executive_Summary.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref23","unstructured":"23. Negret, M , Blackburn, J , Barrios, V. Preventing another Ida: stormwater management and basement apartments in Central Queens. 2022. Accessed March 11, 2024. https:\/\/rpa.org\/work\/reports\/hurricane-ida-stormwater-management-queens#overview"},{"key":"S1935789324000491_ref17","unstructured":"17. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Hurricane Ida NYC Mitigation Assessment Team Technical Report. 2023. 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