{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:09:18Z","timestamp":1790168958949,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":167,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325100694_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>As the global incidence of heat-related illnesses escalates in the wake of climate change-induced heat waves, the critical necessity for reliable diagnostic tools becomes apparent. This scoping review aimed to summarize the existing body of published evidence on biomarkers that could potentially be utilized for the diagnosis of heat-related illness in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325100694_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We conducted a thorough search of 3 databases, including Embase, MEDLINE, on Ovid, and The Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases from October 11, 2022 up until January 15, 2024. We also manually included studies by searching the reference lists of the included articles. Studies that performed statistical validation were summarized in detail.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325100694_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>2877 citations were identified and screened, with 228 studies reviewed as full text. 56% of these studies were conducted within China or North America. The studies identified 113 biomarkers. Most common biomarkers studied were troponin I, IL-6, platelets, and ALT. The studies exhibited considerable variation, reflecting the diverse range of investigated biomarkers and the absence of standardized statistical validation for the biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325100694_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Numerous biomarkers have been evaluated in the literature, but none have been studied to impact clinical practice. There is significant variation in the methodology and statistical validation. There is a need for further research to identify clinically relevant biomarkers for heat related illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2025.10069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:40:52Z","timestamp":1750131652000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diagnostic Biomarkers for Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Palasz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Bazil","family":"Musharraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"Rippon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jedlicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Razzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789325100694_r10","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Leiva","year":"2023"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14875"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00117-6"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1083-y"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3732"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.909983"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.09.043"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081050"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00207-2"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r1","unstructured":"1. Marchetti, E , Capone, P , Freda, D. Climate change impact on microclimate of work environment related to occupational health and productivity. Annali dell\u2019Istituto superiore di sanita. 2016;52(3):338\u2013342."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101276"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases8030028"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed177"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050787","article-title":"Nitric oxide production is enhanced in patients with heat stroke","volume":"25","author":"Alzeer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intens Care Med."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.161"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.14.80"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12008"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2015.1022851"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1412258"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r23","article-title":"Biomarkers of heat stroke and heat exhaustion: a scoping review. osfio\/zf7q6","volume":"20","author":"Jedlicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Published October"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2210623"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199708000-00024"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000678"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16590"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26502\/ami.93650040"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00301.2010"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1650685","article-title":"Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in heatstroke","volume":"76","author":"Bouchama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r28","first-page":"R28","article-title":"Tissue-specific HSP70 response in animals undergoing heat stress","volume":"268","author":"Flanagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.052472"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199607000-00018"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101864"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.5.1498"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.November.11.3"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-8-31"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r12","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Advances in pre-hospital recognition and cooling treatment of exertional heat stroke","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0890261"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090142"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.90.4.571"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.158709"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-010-0172-3"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa125"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-012-2247-6"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20346"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S428617"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14565"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00601.2021"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.01.047"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00365.2014"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9034"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00286.2015"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1379\/1466-1268(2001)006<0113:POAATI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2015.1022851"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10354"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5515-6"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000075"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12783"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.3.184"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229616"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090142"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scoping reviews","volume":"2015","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.107680"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01051.2014"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-017-0817-6"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-015-0645-5"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05049-4"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-007-0092-9"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r44","article-title":"Reliability of biomarkers of physiological stress at rest and post-exertional heat stress","volume":"2022","author":"Snape","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj0901010"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00461.2004"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17520363.1.3.419"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r4","unstructured":"4. \u201cWHO\u201d. Heatwaves. Published 2018. Accessed January 22, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/heatwaves#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1826841"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.1.2.182"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S428617"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r74","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Heatstroke: thermoregulation, pathophysiology, and predisposing factors","volume":"35","author":"Hemmelgarn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r31","first-page":"437","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation and tissue injury in response to heat stress and cooling treatment in mice","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3740-8"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r60","article-title":"Early biomarkers for kidney injury in heat-related illness patients: a prospective observational study at Japanese Self-Defense Force Fuji Hospital","author":"Goto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2013.08.005"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00001"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1650685","article-title":"Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in heatstroke","volume":"76","author":"Bouchama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.909983"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.04.030"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r9","unstructured":"9. Saenz, S , Prine, B , Smith, K , Smith, M. Exertional heat illness: a clinical overview. Consultant360. 2019."},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804549105"},{"key":"S1935789325100694_r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2009.06.034"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789325100694","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1750131655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789325100694\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["S1935789325100694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2025.10069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e153"}}