{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:11:44Z","timestamp":1772208704910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325102863_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare and analyze COVID-19 control outcomes, including case severity, vaccination, and excess mortality, across 6 nations (USA, UK, China, Russia, Japan, and South Africa) from January 2020 to December 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325102863_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilized data from the \u201cOur World in Data\u201d dataset to characterize the epidemiological features of COVID-19 across 6 countries. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were employed to examine the associations between Stringency Index (SI), vaccination coverage, and epidemiological outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325102863_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The USA had the highest median cases per million and the UK the highest deaths per million, while China reported the lowest for both. Hospitalization and ICU rates were highest in the UK and the USA, respectively, and lowest in Japan. Vaccination coverage was highest in China and lowest in South Africa. Excess mortality was highest in Russia and lowest in Japan. Generalized linear models indicated a negative association between the SI and cases in China (\u03b2 = \u221240,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015), which became stronger after adjusting for vaccination (\u03b2 = \u2212311,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), but positive associations were observed in the USA, UK, and South Africa. SI was negatively associated with excess mortality in most countries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325102863_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective pandemic control is highly context-dependent. The relationships among vaccination, variant prevalence, and health care burden were complex, shaped by implementation context, public compliance, and health care capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2025.10286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:11:43Z","timestamp":1766484703000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-Country Comparison of COVID-19 Control: Stringency Index, Vaccination, and Variant Effects"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8015-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789325102863_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30300-7"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00994-6"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27376"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r14","volume-title":"Leadership: Theory and Practice","author":"Northouse","year":"2025"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0160323X221136504"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01181-x"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r26","first-page":"102180","article-title":"Agile and adaptive governance in crisis response: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"55","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Inf Manage."},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041453"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063230"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242678"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r48","article-title":"The COVID-19 run on medical resources in Wuhan China: causes, consequences and lessons","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)."},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81442-x"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2119451"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.212"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15387216.2020.1845222"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.801522"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2107851"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071924617"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12463"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071203"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.05013"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r13","volume-title":"The Practice of Adaptive Leadership: Tools and Tactics for Changing Your Organization and the World","author":"Heifetz","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.015"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab343"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504211019854"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2027160"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1207679"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11020080"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.28"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2020.08.007"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01560"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r2","first-page":"e4266","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for containment, mitigation and suppression of COVID-19 infection","volume":"51","author":"Pati\u00f1o-Lugo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colomb Med (Cali)."},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of national culture on the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2020-0244"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r11","first-page":"378","article-title":"Organizational Behavior: A Brief Overview and Safety Orientation","volume":"45","author":"Waller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2022-108189"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.589892"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00997-x"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25507"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43615-8"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r36","first-page":"e2021379","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination: what challenges are we going to face","volume":"92","author":"Zibadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08907"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221058"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.203524"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30994-2"},{"key":"S1935789325102863_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa175"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789325102863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:11:45Z","timestamp":1766484705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789325102863\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1935789325102863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2025.10286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"article-number":"e5"}}