{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:01:59Z","timestamp":1750219319892,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":167,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Small Grant GSB2018004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Small Grant GSB2018004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325000965_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psycho-social, economic, and biological factors on depression trajectories are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the association of pandemic-related social and economic risk factors with depression. This baseline survey provides a foundation for the longitudinal panel study to assess the trajectory of psychopathologies and mental health resilience as the societal recovery from this pandemic occurs.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325000965_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We telephonically surveyed 2000 randomly selected participants 18 years-and-older, stratified by 2 cosmopolitan cities in the high middle-income former-Soviet country of Kazakhstan. Survey-adjusted Poisson regression analyses produced probable depression (CESD-16) prevalence ratios (PRs) for COVID-19 death and disease, economic duress, and other socio-psychological factors.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325000965_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Household suspected having-or-diagnosed with COVID-19 with prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.48 (95% CI 1.09-2.02; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u00b7013), friends\/coworkers diagnosed with COVD-19 with PR = 1.43 (1.04-1.95; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.026), lost employment PR = 1.80 (1.04-3.11; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.037), and insufficient income for food PR = 1.54 (1.15-2.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) were independently associated with depression. Having COVID-19 deaths among family\/friends or acquaintances\/coworkers were not associated with depression, but family stress had a dose-response association, with PR = 13.42 (7.11-25.32; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) for very high stress.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789325000965_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The study findings can inform future effective interventions and policies for protecting population mental health during and after extended periods of the pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2025.96","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1750134708000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 Pandemic-related Risk Factors of Depression: A 2-City Randomized Survey from Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Byron Lawrence","family":"Crape","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atanu","family":"Rakshit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tansholpan","family":"Yakhiyayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raushan","family":"Alibekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789325000965_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.042"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005898"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.210"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r6","first-page":"10","article-title":"Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r24","unstructured":"24. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Popul Prospect. 2019; Online Ed. Rev. 1. Published June 2019. Accessed January 1, 2020. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html."},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000933"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20780"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r10","first-page":"22","article-title":"The psychological impact of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review of the evidence","author":"Preti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.07.007"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r2","first-page":"42","article-title":"The global burden of disease 2004","author":"Mathers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Updat World Heal Organ"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4371-z"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700029998"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.009"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.924609"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of sex and marital status on the prevalence of perceived depression in association with food insecurity","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000359"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22282"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r16","first-page":"104","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 and mental health: from biological mechanisms to social consequences","author":"Szcze\u015bniak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31802e21d8"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010280"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/79.3.373"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r23","unstructured":"23. Bureau of National Statistics. The Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by Individual Ethnic Groups at the Beginning of 2020. Comm Stat Minist Natl Econ Repub Kazakhstan. Published January 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.stat.gov.kz\/api\/getFile\/?docId=ESTAT355258."},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20128"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12166"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00118-5"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113190"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5390"},{"key":"S1935789325000965_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789325000965","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:31:51Z","timestamp":1750134711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789325000965\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S1935789325000965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2025.96","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e151"}}