{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:57:54Z","timestamp":1780901874761,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":158,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326103899_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the relative effectiveness of voluntary social distancing appeals versus mandated lockdowns in reducing population mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic, using India as a developing country case study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326103899_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study analyzed daily mobility data from Google\u2019s Community Mobility Reports across six location categories between February 16 and May 31, 2020. A geographic-level regression model was employed to isolate voluntary mobility changes during India\u2019s 14-hour voluntary\n                      <jats:italic>Janta Curfew<\/jats:italic>\n                      prior to the mandatory nationwide lockdown. The model controlled for pandemic severity, health infrastructure, and socioeconomic factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326103899_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conservative estimates indicate that voluntary measures accounted for a substantial proportion of overall mobility declines, ranging from 27% to 71% depending on the location. The most pronounced voluntary reductions occurred in retail and recreational centers, parks, and transit stations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326103899_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Timely and targeted non-mandated appeals can achieve meaningful behavioral change, complementing formal restrictions. These findings offer critical guidance for health promotion policy, demonstrating that voluntary public compliance can be a viable, flexible strategy for pandemic management, particularly in resource-limited settings where strict mandates may cause severe socioeconomic strain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2026.10389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:02:00Z","timestamp":1780898520000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are Lockdowns More Effective Than Voluntary Measures in Checking Mobility During a Pandemic?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishabh","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789326103899_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.573397"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008684"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00381-2"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101251","article-title":"Social inequalities, fundamental inequities, and recurring of the digital divide: Insights from India","volume":"61","author":"Nidhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology in Society."},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008814118"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.036"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-022-01192-0"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0961-8"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074020942445"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009412117"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260371"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17092977"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108973144"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.36259.26409"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00573-1"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12735"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18190-5"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r2","volume-title":"Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice","author":"Glanz","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r13","unstructured":"13. Google. Community mobility reports. Google, accessed via weblink CMR. 2020. https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-020-01180-w"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73949-6"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/33764"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058249"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r15","unstructured":"15. Press Information Bureau. PM calls for complete lockdown of entire nation for 21 days. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Government of India. Mar 24, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15296"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w28139"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r14","unstructured":"14. Press Information Bureau. Appeal to observe Janta curfew tomorrow from 7 AM to 9 PM. Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Government of India. Mar 21, 2020."},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r23","first-page":"29","article-title":"Population mobility reductions during COVID-19 epidemic in France under lockdown","author":"Pullano","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27039"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhab040"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005596"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106314"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r25","unstructured":"25. Maloney, WF , Taskin, T. Determinants of social distancing and economic activity during COVID-19: A global view. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. 2020."},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103697"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-042522-103837","article-title":"A review of generalizability and transportability","volume":"10","author":"Irina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Stat Appl."},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.160"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r9","volume-title":"Should Low-income Countries Impose the Same Social Distancing Guidelines as Europe and North America to Halt the Spread of COVID-19","author":"Zachary","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1935789326103899_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3569368"}],"container-title":["Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1935789326103899","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:02:06Z","timestamp":1780898526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1935789326103899\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1935789326103899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2026.10389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-7893","1938-744X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-7893","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-744X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e117"}}