{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:08:37Z","timestamp":1785409717040,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":195,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disaster med. public health prep."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326104054_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing frequency of international disasters necessitates robust military-civilian collaboration, often requiring the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to augment civilian humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) capacity and support U.S. geopolitical objectives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326104054_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective quantitative analysis was performed on 149 international HADR events involving DoD support between 1997 and 2024. Data were collated from U.S. Department of State records and narrative reports from the DoD. Events were categorized by geographic area, disaster type, and alignment with the United Nations Humanitarian Cluster System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326104054_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The DoD supported HADR efforts in 68 countries, with the Philippines, Iraq, and Indonesia being the most frequent recipients. More than 50% of events occurred in South America and the Indo-Pacific. The most common triggers for support were earthquakes, complex emergencies, and tropical cyclones. Mapping activities to the UN Cluster System revealed that the DoD primarily provided support for Logistics, Early Recovery, and Health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1935789326104054_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following major disasters, rapid deployment of DoD capabilities was indispensable in austere environments where civilian federal organizations and local governments were overwhelmed, incapacitated, or nonexistent. Addressing data deficiencies and coordinating military-civilian readiness are critical for enhancing the effectiveness of future responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2026.10405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T08:08:01Z","timestamp":1784102881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of the Department of Defense in International Disaster Relief: A Quantitative Analysis of Response Activities"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0117-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Morocho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Tafoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vvynj75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"US Department of State"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Rainwater-Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences"},{"name":"Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04g8ye561","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"US European Command"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1935789326104054_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S1935789326104054_r13","unstructured":"13. 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USINDOPACOM Foreign Disaster Response in the Indo-Pacific: April 1991\u2013Jan 2024. 2024. Accessed October 15, 2025. https:\/\/www.cfe-dmha.org\/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=MNZLDbxZaic%3d&portalid=0"},{"key":"S1935789326104054_r23","unstructured":"23. Levine, AC , Brightman, HJ . Civilian-Military Humanitarian Response Workshop 2021 \u2013 Summary Report. Watson School of International and Public Affairs, Brown University. 2021. Accessed October 2, 2025. https:\/\/chrhs.watson.brown.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/Reports\/2021%20Civilian-Military%20Workshop%20Summary%20Report_Final%20(1).pdf"},{"key":"S1935789326104054_r6","unstructured":"6. U.S. Department of Defense. The 2022 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America. 2022. Accessed October 2, 2025. http:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Oct\/27\/2003103845\/-1\/-1\/1\/2022-NATIONAL-DEFENSE-STRATEGY-NPR-MDR.pdf"},{"key":"S1935789326104054_r11","unstructured":"11. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Coordination in Complex Emergencies. 2001. Accessed October 2, 2025. http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/us\/publications\/coordination-complex-emergencies"},{"key":"S1935789326104054_r5","unstructured":"5. The White House. National Security Strategy. The National Archives. October 2022. 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