{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:16:08Z","timestamp":1783707368149,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolut. Hum. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The energetic cost of walking varies with mass and speed; however, the metabolic cost of carrying loads has not consistently increased proportionally to the mass carried. The cost of carrying mass, and the speed at which human walkers carry this mass, has been shown to vary with load position and load description (e.g. child vs. groceries). Additionally, the preponderance of women carriers around the world, and the tendency for certain kinds of population-level sexual dimorphism has led to the hypothesis that women might be more effective carriers than men. Here, I investigate the energetic cost and speed changes of women (<jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>9) and men (<jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>6) walking through the woods carrying their own babies (mean baby mass = 10.6 kg) in three different positions \u2013 on their front, side and back using the same Ergo fabric baby sling. People carrying their babies on their backs are able to maintain their unloaded walking speed (1.4 m\/s) and show the lowest increase in metabolic cost per distance (J\/m, 17.4%). Women carry the babies for a lower energetic cost than men at all conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01). Further energetic and kinematic evidence elucidates the preponderance of back-carrying cross-culturally, and illustrates the importance of relatively wider bi-trochanteric breadths for reducing the energetic costs of carrying.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/ehs.2022.35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T08:06:47Z","timestamp":1659600407000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Women carry for less: body size, pelvis width, loading position and energetics"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara M.","family":"Wall-Scheffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360030205"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.23.3717"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200504000-00006"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172154"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3259"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref38","article-title":"No sex differences in the economy of load-carriage. American Journal of Human Biology","volume":"23352","author":"Prado-Novoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"e"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085403"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030087"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref34","first-page":"2791","article-title":"Himalayan porter's specialization: Metabolic power, economy, efficiency and skill","volume":"273","author":"Minetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X04430118"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref37","volume-title":"Early hominid activities at Olduvai","author":"Potts","year":"1988"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01498"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref17","volume-title":"Another unique species","author":"Foley","year":"1987"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref58","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Sex differences in incline-walking among humans","volume":"55","author":"Wall-Scheffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.86.1.9"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.06.002"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.005"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199809)107:1<71::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref26","first-page":"238","article-title":"Bipedal form and locomotor function: Understanding the affects of size and shape on velocity and energetics","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PaleoAnthropology"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9989-4"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref24","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Evaluating evidence in biological anthropology","author":"Khorasani","year":"2020"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7460-0_10","volume-title":"Reconstructing mobility: Environmental, behavioral, and morphological determinants","author":"Wall-Scheffler","year":"2014"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.04.001"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/711582"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/319668a0"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901031"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22907"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708024105"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.06.002"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198025000-00010"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref53","volume-title":"Beloved burden: How children are carried","author":"van Hout","year":"2011"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20603"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23553"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2020.106610"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref30","first-page":"20131779","article-title":"A comparative collision-based analysis of human gait","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref19","first-page":"9","article-title":"Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: Is it all about energetics?","volume":"222","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5547"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref33","first-page":"205","article-title":"Energetics and mechanics of human walking at oscillating speeds","volume":"41","author":"Minetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118903"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20122691"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.116.1.363"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.016"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649922066655"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.04.001"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205282109"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199602)99:2<345::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044214"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/340493"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354111a0"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23551"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044297"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21575"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29429-z"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.04.004"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.081711"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref5","volume-title":"Animal locomotion","author":"Biewener","year":"2003"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168132"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref14","first-page":"441","volume-title":"Handbook of anthropology and reproduction","author":"Dunsworth","year":"2021"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21417"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.05.001"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092611-145739"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.01.014"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2646"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.1.271"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1955.35.4.801"},{"key":"S2513843X22000354_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90011-J"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Human Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2513843X22000354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T16:26:44Z","timestamp":1676305604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2513843X22000354\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2513843X22000354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ehs.2022.35","relation":{},"ISSN":["2513-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2513-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"article-number":"e36"}}