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In humans, these periods may partly explain the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in older women compared with men, but lactation patterns in modern humans may reflect cultural influences rather than natural conditions. The extent to which these findings apply to wild-living mammals remains unknown. We measured urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTX-I) levels, a bone resorption marker, during pregnancy in wild and zoo-housed bonobos (<jats:italic>Pan paniscus<\/jats:italic>) and during lactation in wild bonobos. Studying wild-living primates such as bonobos can provide insights into ancestral reproductive adaptations. We found an increase in CTX-I levels towards the end of pregnancy in zoo-housed and primiparous wild females. Contrary to expectations, CTX-I levels during early lactation are lower than in other reproductive phases. This pattern diverges from the assumption that lactation increases bone resorption. 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