{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:48:16Z","timestamp":1791881296092,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolut. Hum. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Derived from the disease-avoidance model is the hypothesis that people may direct negative cognitive and behavioural responses towards individuals with physical disfiguring conditions, including physical disabilities. According to the behavioral immune system, physical disability\u2014a non-contagious physical disfigurement\u2014may falsely activate cognitive disease-avoidance processes, resulting in prejudicial or negative responses toward individuals with physical disabilities. For the first time this hypothesis is put to the test by investigating whether ratings of attractiveness and comfort for a social interaction vary systematically with physical disability (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, we tested whether these ratings were associated with individual differences in pathogen disgust and perceived vulnerability to disease. In Study 3 we overcame possible methodological limitations by employing a virtual reality (VR) environment. A fourth study was conducted to extend the first two studies by using a more diverse set of avatars. Results from Studies 1 and 2 indicated that disability did not significantly impact comfort ratings for social interactions, although non-disabled stimuli were rated as more attractive. However, Study 3 showed that in a VR environment, participants preferred closer proximity to non-disabled avatars over disabled ones, a preference not mitigated by the presence of prosthetics. Study 4 replicated these findings with varied 2D avatars, showing that disability significantly affected both comfort and attractiveness ratings, with non-disabled avatars rated highest, followed by those with prosthetics, and finally disabled avatars. Despite these findings, the expected relationship between comfort ratings and individual differences in pathogen disgust or perceived infectability did not emerge, challenging the behavioural immune system proposal. The discomfort associated with physical disability may be more related to social stigma or preconceived notions than to an innate disease-avoidance response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/ehs.2025.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1739516856000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social comfort and attractiveness perception: impact of prosthetics, physical disability and comfort distance on interpersonal interactions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Pazhoohi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Wing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Kingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2513843X25000052_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0095","article-title":"Disease avoidance as a functional basis for stigmatization","volume":"366","author":"Oaten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological 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