{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:29:19Z","timestamp":1785421759442,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":169,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolut. Hum. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primate eyes vary strikingly in pigmentation, yet the drivers of said variation are strongly debated. Recent revisions of the cooperative eye hypothesis propose that the human eye\u2019s sclera evolved to enhance gaze communication specifically under challenging conditions of visibility. We tested this idea under ecologically realistic conditions by presenting observers with a live model wearing contact lenses that simulated either a human-like or a chimpanzee-like eye. At a university lab, observers judged gaze direction at different viewing distances and lighting levels. We found no overall difference in efficacy of different eye types. Contrary to expectations, chimpanzee-like eyes outperformed human-like eyes in dim lighting and close-viewing conditions. Human-like eyes yielded the highest accuracy under bright, far-viewing conditions, consistent with a long-distance signalling advantage. Our results demonstrate that ecological visual constraints shape the potential informativeness of distinct ocular configurations. We hypothesize that species-typical eye appearances may be tuned to their species-typical visual ecology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/ehs.2026.10058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:07:57Z","timestamp":1781852877000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gaze in context: non-human eyes can be more salient under ecologically relevant conditions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Olvido","family":"Perea Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01teme464","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Konstanz"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026stee22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p4k0j84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kyushu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Sibierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vojt\u011bch","family":"Fiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"},{"name":"Charles University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta K.","family":"Skrok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz P.","family":"Danel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dr6c206","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa Katarzyna","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemyslaw","family":"Zywiczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Wacewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"container-title":["Evolutionary Human Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2513843X26100589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:37:11Z","timestamp":1782873431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2513843X26100589\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["S2513843X26100589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ehs.2026.10058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2513-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2513-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e25"}}