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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans and other vertebrates exhibit left\u2013right (LR) asymmetric arrangement of the internal organs, and failure to establish normal LR asymmetry leads to internal laterality disorders, including<jats:italic>situs inversus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>heterotaxy<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>Situs inversus<\/jats:italic>is complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along LR axis, whereas<jats:italic>heterotaxy<\/jats:italic>is abnormal arrangement of the internal thoraco-abdominal organs across LR axis of the body, most of which are associated with complex cardiovascular malformations. Both disorders are genetically heterogeneous with reduced penetrance, presumably because of monogenic, polygenic or multifactorial causes. Research in genetics of LR asymmetry disorders has been extremely prolific over the past 17 years, and a series of loci and disease genes involved in<jats:italic>situs inversus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>heterotaxy<\/jats:italic>have been described. 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