{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787731421013,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Rev. Mol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The undeniable impact of climate change and air pollution on respiratory health has led to increasing cases of asthma, allergic rhinitis and other chronic non-communicable immune-mediated upper and lower airway diseases. Natural bioaerosols, such as pollen and fungi, are essential atmospheric components undergoing significant structural and functional changes due to industrial pollution and atmospheric warming. Pollutants like particulate matter(PMx), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), nitrogen dioxide(NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), sulfur dioxide(SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and carbon monoxide(CO) modify the surface and biological properties of atmospheric bioaerosols such as pollen and fungi, enhancing their allergenic potentials. As a result, sensitized individuals face heightened risks of asthma exacerbation, and these alterations likely contribute to the rise in frequency and severity of allergic diseases. NAMs, such as precision-cut lung slices(PCLS), air\u2013liquid interface(ALI) cultures and lung-on-a-chip models, along with the integration of data from these innovative models with computational models, provide better insights into how environmental factors influence asthma and allergic diseases compared to traditional models. These systems simulate the interaction between pollutants and the respiratory system with higher precision, helping to better understand the health implications of bioaerosol exposure. Additionally, NAMs improve preclinical study outcomes by offering higher throughput, reduced costs and greater reproducibility, enhancing the translation of data into clinical applications. This review critically evaluates the potential of NAMs in researching airway diseases, with a focus on allergy and asthma. It highlights their advantages in studying the increasingly complex structures of bioaerosols under conditions of environmental pollution and climate change, while also addressing the existing gaps, challenges and limitations of these models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2025.7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:20:03Z","timestamp":1741753203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Novel Approach Methodologies in Modeling Complex Bioaerosol Exposure in Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Under Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Esra","family":"Atalay-Sahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Yildiz-Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Ozgur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arzu","family":"Aral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Dayanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuncay","family":"Goksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Meuwissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Yesil-Celiktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1121-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Goksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1462399425000079_r37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of airway epithelial cell alarmins in asthma","volume":"7","author":"Whetstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167285","article-title":"Co-exposure to highly allergenic airborne pollen and fungal spores in Europe","volume":"905","author":"Myszkowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900046","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus-secreted alkaline protease 1 mediates airways hyperresponsiveness in severe asthma","volume":"8","author":"Redes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunohorizons"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.014","article-title":"Targeted GATA3 knockdown in activated T cells via pulmonary siRNA delivery as novel therapy for allergic asthma","volume":"354","author":"Kandil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Controlled Release"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13367","article-title":"Endothelin-1 mediates Aspergillus fumigatus-induced airway inflammation and remodelling","volume":"6","author":"Labram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0433","article-title":"Alveolar wars: The rise of in vitro models to understand human lung alveolar maintenance, regeneration, and disease","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Translational Medicine"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.01.023","article-title":"An optical pH-sensor integrated bacterial cellulose and gelatin methacrylate-based multilayer microfluidic platform to mimic drug-induced lung injury","volume":"121","author":"Saygili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16179","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of resilience of human airway epithelial barrier against short\u2010term PM2. 5 inorganic dust exposure using in vitro microfluidic chip and ex vivo human airway models","volume":"79","author":"Goksel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101765","article-title":"Mechanisms of climate change and related air pollution on the immune system leading to allergic disease and asthma","volume":"67","author":"Sampath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1072","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00103.2021","article-title":"Human microphysiological models of airway and alveolar epithelia","volume":"6","author":"Lagowala","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36863-1","article-title":"Development of a novel air\u2013liquid interface airway tissue equivalent model for in vitro respiratory modeling studies","volume":"13","author":"Leach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099719","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1099719","article-title":"Advances in respiratory physiology in mouse models of experimental asthma","volume":"14","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374771","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2024.1374771","article-title":"History of pollutant adjuvants in respiratory allergy","volume":"5","author":"Shusterman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-020-00517-7","article-title":"Invited review: Human air\u2013liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.742","article-title":"Primary human lung alveolus-on-a-chip model of intravascular thrombosis for assessment of therapeutics","volume":"103","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-021-00470-7","article-title":"Lung carcinoma spheroids embedded in a microfluidic platform","volume":"3","author":"Yildiz-Ozturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.07.020","article-title":"The allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) approach of value-added medicines: As-needed treatment in allergic rhinitis","volume":"11","author":"Bousquet","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology in Practise"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80241-0","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamic models as tools to predict aerosol distribution in tracheobronchial airways","volume":"11","author":"Atzeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116683","article-title":"Organ chips with integrated multifunctional sensors enable continuous metabolic monitoring at controlled oxygen levels","volume":"265","author":"Izadifar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r4","volume-title":"Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change","author":"Damialis","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052799","article-title":"Impact of air pollution in airway diseases: Role of the epithelial cells (cell models and biomarkers)","volume":"5","author":"Albano","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15052","article-title":"Bet v 1 from birch pollen is a hypoallergen with vitamin D3 in the pocket","volume":"12","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093683","article-title":"Advancements in research on constructing physiological and pathological liver models and their applications utilizing bioprinting technology","volume":"9","author":"Ming","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139872","article-title":"Temporal monitoring of differentiated human airway epithelial cells using microfluidics","volume":"10","author":"Blume","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170745","article-title":"Biomimetic microfluidic chips for toxicity assessment of environmental pollutants","volume":"919","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103476","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019103476","article-title":"Multilineage murine stem cells generate complex organoids to model distal lung development and disease","volume":"21","author":"Vazquez-Armendariz","year":"2020","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104592","article-title":"An evaluation framework for new approach methodologies (NAMs) for human health safety assessment","volume":"112","author":"Parish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are animal models needed to discover, develop and test pharmaceutical drugs for humans in the 21st century?","volume":"10","author":"Pound","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r89","article-title":"Animal models are essential to biological research: Issues and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Science OA"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071602","article-title":"Airway-on-A-Chip: Designs and applications for lung repair and disease","volume":"7","author":"Bennet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0010MA","article-title":"A microengineered airway lung chip models key features of viral-induced exacerbation of asthma","volume":"5","author":"Nawroth","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rhinosectan\u00ae spray (containing xyloglucan) on the ciliary function of the nasal respiratory epithelium; results of an in vitro study","volume":"41","author":"Piqu\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.038","article-title":"Type 2 innate lymphoid cells disrupt bronchial epithelial barrier integrity by targeting tight junctions through IL-13 in asthmatic patients","volume":"141","author":"Sugita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11271-4","article-title":"Fast-track development of an in vitro 3D lung\/immune cell model to study aspergillus infections","volume":"7","author":"Chandorkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2023.0131","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar organoids: Cellular heterogeneity and maturity","volume":"1","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809468-6.00027-9","volume-title":"Genetically modified animal models, in animal models for the study of human disease","author":"Chaible","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1689OC","article-title":"IL-17A and the promotion of neutrophilia in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"192","author":"Roos","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964987","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.964987","article-title":"Climate change and allergic diseases: An overview","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Sun, CH , et al. (2024) A bronchiole-on-a-chip and a stretching system for studying human disease model of asthma attack. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 136031.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.136031"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Levelling the translational gap for animal to human efficacy data","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r52","first-page":"2073","article-title":"Biological effects of allergen\u2013nanoparticle conjugates: Uptake and immune effects determined on hAELVi cells under submerged vs. air\u2013liquid interface conditions","volume":"7","author":"Mills-Goodlet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology \u2013 ACS Publications-Nano"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0366-7","article-title":"A microphysiological model of the bronchial airways reveals the interplay of mechanical and biochemical signals in bronchospasm","volume":"7","author":"Kilic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03210-z","article-title":"Innovative use of animal models to advance scientific research","volume":"2","author":"Meyerholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r53","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Biological impact of sequential exposures to allergens and ultrafine particle-rich combustion aerosol on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells at the air liquid interface","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Deniz Derman, I , et al. (2023) High-throughput bioprinting of the nasal epithelium using patient-derived nasal epithelial cells. Biofabrication 044103, 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aced23"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r95","first-page":"607","article-title":"New approach methodologies (NAMs) for human-relevant biokinetics predictions. Meeting the paradigm shift in toxicology towards an animal-free chemical risk assessment","volume":"4","author":"Punt","year":"2020","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.37349\/ebmx.2024.00009","article-title":"Navigating regulatory challenges in molecularly tailored nanomedicine","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploration of BioMat-X"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00549","article-title":"In vitro alternatives to acute inhalation toxicity studies in animal models-a perspective","volume":"8","author":"Movia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r99","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of two models to estimate deposition of fungi and bacteria in the human respiratory tract","volume":"561","author":"Sagona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r59","first-page":"1900742","article-title":"Airway and alveolar epithelial cells in culture","volume":"5","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2019.09.006","article-title":"Advanced in vitro lung-on-chip platforms for inhalation assays: From prospect to pipeline","volume":"144","author":"Artzy-Schnirman","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3766","article-title":"Estimates of the global burden of ambient PM2.5, ozone, and NO2 on asthma incidence and emergency room visits","volume":"10","author":"Anenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ooc.2020.100001","article-title":"A rapidly prototyped lung-on-a-chip model using 3D-printed molds","volume":"1","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organs-on-a-Chip"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348272","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1348272","article-title":"Involvement and repair of epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.09.058","article-title":"Impact of urban air pollution on the allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia: Outdoor exposure study supported by laboratory experiments","volume":"541","author":"Lang-Yona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14047","article-title":"Pollen exposure weakens innate defense against respiratory viruses","volume":"3","author":"Gilles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.050","article-title":"Impaired barrier function in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis is accompanied by decreased occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression","volume":"137","author":"Steelant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08987-3","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to air pollutants associated with allergic diseases in children: Which pollutant, when exposure, and what disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r32","first-page":"e8","article-title":"CD38 plays an age-related role in cholinergic deregulation of airway smooth muscle contractility","volume":"5","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14817","article-title":"Precision-cut lung slices: A powerful ex vivo model to investigate respiratory infectious diseases","volume":"3","author":"Viana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r3","first-page":"94","article-title":"Relationship between climate change, air pollution and allergic diseases caused by Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed)","volume":"1","author":"Stoian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14783","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and development and persistence of atopic and non-atopic eczema in a cohort of adults","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Precision cut lung slices: An integrated ex vivo model for studying lung physiology, pharmacology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery","volume":"231","author":"Koziol-White","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiratory Research"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm039347","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.039347","article-title":"Disease modelling in human organoids","volume":"7","author":"Lancaster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disease Models and Mechanisms"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1241008","article-title":"The RNA binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 are dysregulated in airway epithelium in human and a murine model of asthma","volume":"11","author":"Rynne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.10.003","article-title":"Matched-comparative modeling of normal and diseased human airway responses using a microengineered breathing lung Chip","volume":"5","author":"Benam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Systems"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.04.014","article-title":"Air pollution particles diminish bacterial clearance in the primed lungs of mice","volume":"223","author":"Sigaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116913","article-title":"Characterization of allergenicity of Platanus pollen allergen a 3 (Pla a 3) after exposure to NO2 and O3","volume":"278","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r70","article-title":"Microfluidic strategies for biomimetic lung chip establishment and SARS-CoV2 study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials Today Bio"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-1558-7","article-title":"Does the increase in ambient CO2 concentration elevate allergy risks posed by oak pollen?","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometeorology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r66","article-title":"Alveolar organoids in lung disease modeling","volume":"1","author":"Purev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209652","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic host response to aspergillus fumigatus conidia in an air-liquid interface model of human bronchial epithelium","volume":"12","author":"Toor","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.026","article-title":"Unbiased biomarkers in prediction of respiratory disease outcomes study group. Epithelial IL-6 trans-signaling defines a new asthma phenotype with increased airway inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Jevnikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2023.105585","article-title":"Establishment of a human induced pluripotent stem cell derived alveolar organoid for toxicity assessment","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology In Vitro"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad85bb","article-title":"Sustainable bioinspired materials for regenerative medicine: Balancing toxicology, environmental impact, and ethical considerations","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedical Materials"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.10.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of non-type 2 asthma","volume":"66","author":"Hudey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13534","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c10271","article-title":"An insight on microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models for PM2.5-induced pulmonary complications","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r42","first-page":"577","article-title":"Organotypic lung tissue culture as a preclinical model to study host- influenza a viral infection: A case for repurposing of nafamostat mesylate","volume":"117","author":"Saglam-Metiner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue and Cell"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1021\/pr401078h","article-title":"Nitration of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.0101: Efficiency and site-selectivity of liquid and gaseous nitrating agents","volume":"3","author":"Reinmuth-Selzle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Proteome Research"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01076-z","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of in vitro multiculture systems uncovers the in vivo lineage trajectory and cell state in the human lung","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experimental and Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000095296","article-title":"Nitration enhances the allergenic potential of proteins","volume":"3","author":"Gruijthuijsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Archives of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.06.004","article-title":"Recent advances in lung-on-a-chip models","volume":"9","author":"Francis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2023.100118","article-title":"Herbal concoction unveiled: A computational analysis of phytochemicals\u2019 pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles using novel approach methodologies (NAMs)","volume":"5","author":"Rai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Research in Toxicology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015002","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aae545","article-title":"Development of a functional airway-on-a-chip by 3D cell printing","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56033-1","article-title":"Validation of computational fluid dynamics models for airway deposition with SPECT data of the same population","volume":"14","author":"Sadafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2322OC","article-title":"Lung computational models and the role of the small airways in asthma","volume":"8","author":"Foy","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0259914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259914","article-title":"Dosing intact birch pollen grains at the air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) to the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B","volume":"11","author":"Candeias","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279192","DOI":"10.3389\/fsci.2024.1279192","article-title":"Immune-mediated disease caused by climate change-associated environmental hazards: Mitigation and adaptation","volume":"2","author":"Agache","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Science"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00974B","article-title":"A dual-functional microfluidic chip for guiding personalized lung cancer medicine: Combining EGFR mutation detection and organoid-based drug response test","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab on a Chip"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of precision-cut lung slices as an in vitro model for research of inflammatory respiratory diseases","volume":"767","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14527","article-title":"Global warming, climate change, air pollution and allergies","volume":"9","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802900-8.00009-9","volume-title":"Comparative anatomy and histology","author":"Meyerholz","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential proinflammatory responses to aspergillus fumigatus by airway epithelial cells in vitro are protease dependent","volume":"6","author":"Rowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14153","article-title":"\u201cWhole\u201d vs. \u201cfragmented\u201d approach to EAACI pollen season definitions: A multicenter study in six southern European cities","volume":"7","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r12","first-page":"1953","article-title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5 has significant adverse effects on childhood and adult asthma: A global meta-analysis and health impact assessment","volume":"7","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":". Cell Press 2024 One Earth"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04052","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of asthma in 2019: A systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Global Health"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/allergies3020009","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic factors in risk and susceptibility for childhood asthma","volume":"2","author":"Miteva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergie"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r18","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Mikrobiyota \u0130mm\u00fcnolojisi","author":"Arhan","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early intervention of atopic dermatitis as a preventive strategy for progression of food allergy","volume":"30","author":"Sweeney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.01.013","article-title":"Air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) impact on different respiratory cell cultures","volume":"184","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100604","article-title":"The prevalence and year lived with disability of atopic dermatitis in China: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organization Journal"},{"key":"S1462399425000079_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.09.016","article-title":"Inflammatory effects of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and hexanal vapors on human primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured at air\u2013liquid interface","volume":"46","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology In Vitro"}],"container-title":["Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1462399425000079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T04:39:57Z","timestamp":1742877597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1462399425000079\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S1462399425000079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/erm.2025.7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-3994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-3994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e13"}}