{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:50:21Z","timestamp":1782978621464,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Rev. Mol. 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Also, in light of persistent challenges associated with their use, researchers have been striving to establish more advanced structures (i.e. assembloids) that can help address the limitations presented in the current organoids.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1462399425000092_sec11\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In this review, we discuss the distinct organoid types that are available to date, with a special focus on retinal and brain organoids, and highlight their importance in disease modelling.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1462399425000092_sec12\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We refer to published research to explore the extent to which retinal and brain organoids can serve as potential alternatives to organ\/cell transplants and direct our attention to the topic of photostimulation in retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of incorporating microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip devices for boosting retinal organoid performance. The challenges of organoids leading to the subsequent development of assembloid fusion models are also presented.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1462399425000092_sec13\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>In conclusion, organoid technology has laid the foundation for generating upgraded models that not only better replicate in vivo systems but also allow for a deeper comprehension of disease pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2025.9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T05:26:56Z","timestamp":1743053216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and 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