{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:48:06Z","timestamp":1790725686376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]],"date-time":"2015-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glob. ment. health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2054425115000126_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a brief parenting intervention, \u2018Parents Make the Difference\u2018(PMD), on parenting behaviors, quality of parent-child interactions, children's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral wellbeing, and malaria prevention behaviors in rural, post-conflict Liberia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2054425115000126_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample of 270 caregivers of children ages 3\u20137 were randomized into an immediate treatment group that received a 10-session parent training intervention or a wait-list control condition (1:1 allocation). Interviewers administered baseline and 1-month post-intervention surveys and conducted child-caregiver observations. Intent-to-treat estimates of the average treatment effects were calculated using ordinary least squares regression. This study was pre-registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01829815).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2054425115000126_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The program led to a 55.5% reduction in caregiver-reported use of harsh punishment practices (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The program also increased the use of positive behavior management strategies and improved caregiver\u2013child interactions. The average caregiver in the treatment group reported a 4.4% increase in positive interactions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), while the average child of a caregiver assigned to the treatment group reported a 17.5% increase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The program did not have a measurable impact on child wellbeing, cognitive skills, or household adoption of malaria prevention behaviors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S2054425115000126_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title><jats:p>PMD is a promising approach for preventing child abuse and promoting positive parent-child relationships in low-resource settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2015.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]],"date-time":"2015-08-04T05:45:31Z","timestamp":1438667131000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Parents make the difference: a randomized-controlled trial of a parenting intervention in Liberia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"E. S.","family":"Puffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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