{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:09:32Z","timestamp":1792112972669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":274,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glob. Ment. Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S2054425119000207_sec_a1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Raqqa Governorate, Syria has recently been affected by overlapping conflicts related to the Syrian Civil war and occupation by ISIS, resulting in widespread displacement and disruption of economic livelihoods. However, little information is currently known about mental health needs and risk factors among women. Therefore, this study sought to examine potential risk factors for depressive symptoms among married women living in northern Syria.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2054425119000207_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Data were collected between March and April 2018 as part of an evaluation of an International Rescue Committee cash transfer program targeted toward vulnerable households. Using cross-sectional data from 214 married women participating in the program, linear regression models were generated to explore the associations between depressive symptoms [nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)] and its potential risk factors, including food insecurity, perceived deprivation of basic needs [the Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs Scale (HESPER) scale], and past-3-month intimate partner violence (IPV).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2054425119000207_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The average depressive symptom score was 10.5 (<jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc>: 4.9; range: 2\u201327). In the final adjusted model, any form of recent IPV (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 2.25; 95% CI 0.92\u20133.57; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), severe food insecurity (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 1.62; 95% CI 0.27\u20132.96; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) and perceived needs (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 0.38; 95% CI 0.18\u20130.57; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002) were associated with an increase in depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S2054425119000207_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Study findings point to the need to address the mental health needs of women in conflict-affected areas of Syria. Programming to address risk factors for depression, including IPV and other factors associated with daily stressors such as food insecurity and deprivation of basic needs, may be effective in reducing depression in this population.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2019.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T07:07:50Z","timestamp":1570000070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Depressive symptoms among women in Raqqa Governorate, Syria: associations with intimate partner violence, food insecurity, and perceived needs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. L.","family":"Falb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Stennes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Annan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref53","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). The humanitarian emergency settings perceived needs scale (HESPER): manual with scale. Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref52","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref51","volume-title":"The Toll of War: The Economic and Social Consequences of the Conflict in Syria","year":"2017"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref50","unstructured":"Washington Group on Disability Statistics (2016). The Washington Group short set of questions on disability. Hyattsville, Maryland."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref48","unstructured":"UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2018). Syria crisis: northeast Syria: situation. Report No. 27 (15 July 2018\u201331 August 2018)."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000044"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018899"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref19","unstructured":"Gobat J , Kostial K (2016). Syria's Conflict Economy. IMF Working Paper 16\/123. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.027"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5507-5"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w16441"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096300"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304405"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01261.x"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2018.14"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2014.961930"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0155-1"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000693"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5822-x"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.025"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref18","article-title":"Emotional and economic intimate partner violence as key drivers of depression and suicidal ideation: a cross-sectional study among young women in informal settlements in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Gibbs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2015.26"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1573-3"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21846"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019995"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61079-3"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00241"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref9","unstructured":"Coates J , Swindale A , Bilinsky P (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, vol. 34."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14060612"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.015"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404252"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.073635"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.09.007"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckw010"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2010.511625"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0539-1"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17479891211287067"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-180"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.04.002"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071424"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211853"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1388102"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0806-6"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref37","volume-title":"Socioeconomic Roots and Impacts of the Syrian Crisis","author":"Nasser","year":"2013"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref22","unstructured":"Help Age and Handicap International (2014). Hidden victims of the Syrian crisis: disabled, injured and older refugees. London, UK."},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.029"},{"key":"S2054425119000207_ref38","first-page":"0886260518796522","article-title":"Associations of emotional, physical, or sexual intimate partner violence and depression symptoms among South African women in a prospective cohort study","author":"Okafor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"}],"container-title":["Global Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2054425119000207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T07:08:08Z","timestamp":1570000088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2054425119000207\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2054425119000207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2019.20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-4251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-4251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"article-number":"e22"}}