{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:12:52Z","timestamp":1785406372861,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":161,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The unavailability of reliable, easy-to-use depression screening tools adapted for Sub-Saharan African children is a significant barrier to the treatment of childhood depression. We thus adapted the Child Depression Screening Tool (CDST) to the South African (SA), Senegalese (S) and Rwandan (R) contexts, as a tool to screen for depression in children suffering from chronic illnesses, trauma and difficulties related to COVID-19, family and community hardships. A DSM-5-based diagnostic interview and the CDST screening measure were administered to 1,001 participants aged between 7 and 16\u00a0years. The prevalence of depression ranged between 9.5 and 16.8%. It was more prevalent in youth with chronic illness and those exposed to adverse life events. Older age (R and SA), female sex (S), dislike of school (R and SA) and cannabis use (SA) were also associated with worse depression. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed satisfactory performance (79-89%) and that sensitivity and specificity were optimized at a CDST cut-point of 5.0. The CDST is a valid tool to screen for depression in the settings assessed. If found to be suitable in other countries and settings, it may offer a clinically sound, sustainable path towards the identification of child depression in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T23:55:43Z","timestamp":1749599743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation of the Child Depression Screening Tool in three African settings: Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5510-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharain","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1647-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naeem","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zambia School of Medicine"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Remera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c8tz716","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Global Health Equity (UGHE)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raissa","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c8tz716","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Global Health Equity (UGHE)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdulaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelard","family":"Kakunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismahan Soukeyna","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04je6yw13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djena Fafa","family":"Cisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04je6yw13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndeye Awa","family":"Dieye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04je6yw13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Montreal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamadou","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ysgwq33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Binagwaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04c8tz716","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Global Health Equity"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2054425125100228_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.027"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21091221"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.191997"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60871-4"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r8","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Validating the center for epidemiological studies depression scale for children in Rwanda","volume":"51","author":"Betancourt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25705"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r34","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Loades","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X687061"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22777"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01568-3"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01469-4"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r3","article-title":"Assessment of displaced Sudanese school-age children\u2019s mental health at ad-Damar, River Nile, Sudan, 2024: A descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"MSA","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30348-0"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r32","first-page":"303","article-title":"The use of RBANS test (repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status) in neurocognitive testing of patients suffering from schizophrenia and dementia","volume":"56","author":"Juh\u00e1sz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ideggyogyaszati Szemle"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0133-4"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26148"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r21","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents living with HIV: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Dessauvagie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England)"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00274-y"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102499"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05283-w"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r62","article-title":"Depression and anxiety among children and adolescents pre and post COVID-19: A comparative meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230802245253"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09294-x"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152476"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S2056474000001136"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r66","unstructured":"WHO | Regional Office for Africa (2021) Access to mental health and psychosocial support services remains unequal for children and adolescents in Africa, alert UNICEF & WHO |. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/access-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-services-remains-unequal-children-and (accessed 23 May 2023)."},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r40","unstructured":"Morojele, N , Myers, B , Townsend, L , Lombard, C , Pl\u00fcddemann, A and Carney, T (2013) Survey on substance use, risk behaviour and mental health among grade 8\u201310 learners in Western Cape provincial schools, 2011 | Health and Education Resource Centre. https:\/\/healtheducationresources.unesco.org\/library\/documents\/survey-substance-use-risk-behaviour-and-mental-health-among-grade-8-10-learners (accessed 28 March 2025)."},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13135"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16946","article-title":"Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"328","author":"Mangione","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01855.x"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4933"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-024-00642-w"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100204"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r65","unstructured":"WHO (2021b) Mental health of adolescents. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health (accessed 19 May 2023)."},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.08.006"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.3.216"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250927"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r1","unstructured":"Alsaad, AJ , Azhar, Y and Nasser, Y Al (2022) Depression In Children. StatPearls. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK534797\/ (accessed 22 May 2023)."},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r16","first-page":"604","article-title":"Associations of childhood and adolescent depression with adult psychiatric and functional outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Copeland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02475-1"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12781"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1878"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0565-2"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.01.029"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02471.x"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-00961-w"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r27","article-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Applied Logistic Regression"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r64","unstructured":"WHO (2021a) Global Health Estimates. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/global-health-estimates (accessed 12 May 2023)."},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.1\/urao"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.12.003"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1620"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251689"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.04.002"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016001207"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1524121"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu225"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v13i4.33"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r14","first-page":"72","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Adolescent depression and long-term psychosocial outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Clayborne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16170"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r29","first-page":"e109","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Prevalence of youth mental disorders in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health"},{"key":"S2054425125100228_r60","unstructured":"UNICEF (2021) 65 per cent of young people with mental health related issues did not seek help \u2013 UNICEF. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/press-releases\/65-cent-young-people-mental-health-related-issues-did-not-seek-help-unicef"}],"container-title":["Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2054425125100228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:50:58Z","timestamp":1759852258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2054425125100228\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["S2054425125100228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr8","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr9","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr6","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr7","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr5","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10022.pr1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-4251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-4251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e68"}}