{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:15:20Z","timestamp":1785428120670,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Peer Refugee Helpers (PRHs) support peers in humanitarian settings, which may influence their own mental health. This longitudinal study examined anxiety and depression trajectories among Afghan, Iranian and Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in Greece, focusing on how PRH status (paid\/unpaid) and sense of coherence influence trajectory membership. The study included 176 adult, PRHs and non-helpers. The following scales were administered three times at ~4-month intervals: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Social Provisions Scale (SPS-24), Sense of Coherence (SOC-13), Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) and Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ). Using latent growth mixture modeling, we identified two depression (high and low) and three anxiety (high, moderate and low) trajectories. The adjusted logistic and multinomial regression models indicated that unpaid PRHs were significantly less likely to follow a low depression trajectory (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.037), while paid PRHs were more likely to follow a low anxiety trajectory (OR = 3.17,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.009). Higher SOC was associated with low depression (OR = 1.03,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012) and low anxiety trajectories (OR = 1.06,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002). Our findings suggest PRH mental health may be associated with working conditions, including financial compensation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T07:07:26Z","timestamp":1760339246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mental health trajectories and Peer Refugee Helper engagement, among Afghan, Iranian and Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in Greece"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Lavdas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gro Mjeldheim","family":"Sandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5430-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marit","family":"Sijbrandij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trynke","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008xxew50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tormod","family":"B\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zga2b32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Bergen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S205442512510068X_r5","volume-title":"Health, Stress and Coping: New Perspectives on Mental and Physical Well-Being","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1979"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fey055"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23888-6"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.018085"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r52","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2025) Operational Data Portal. Europe Sea Arrivals. Available at https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/europe-sea-arrivals# (accessed 4 April 2025)."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30263-2"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r60","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing ver 4.3.0. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r51","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2024) Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2023. Copenhagen: UNHCR Global Data Service. Available at https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/global-trends-report-2023 (accessed 30 December 2024)."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r23","volume-title":"rms: Regression Modeling Strategies. R package version 6.7-1","author":"Harrell","year":"2023"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00131-8"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r35","unstructured":"OpenAI (2025) ChatGPT (Mar 9 version) [Large language model]. Available at https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/chat."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t07488-000"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r38","volume-title":"Cultural and Contextual Adaptation of Problem Management Plus for Afghan Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece","author":"Perera","year":"2020"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90033-Z"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02783-x"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000660"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-023-09870-3"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224542"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.147"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06255-4"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12460"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r12","first-page":"e8","article-title":"Scalable interventions for refugees","volume":"10","author":"Bryant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r41","article-title":"Estimation of extended mixed models using latent classes and latent processes: The R package lcmm","author":"Proust-Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2022.100171"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r24","volume-title":"Global Review on Volunteering Report","year":"2015"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.030"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2024.100365"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2024.129"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r42","volume-title":"Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research. R Package Version 2.4.12","author":"Revelle","year":"2024"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04017"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0116"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1942-9681.S.1.101"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r59","volume-title":"Process of Translation and Adaptation of Instruments","year":"2016"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-020-00290-0"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1247646"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.58"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r15","first-page":"37","article-title":"The provisions of social support and adaptation to stress","volume":"1","author":"Cutrona","year":"1987","journal-title":"Advance in Personal Relationships"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r33","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke, D (2024) sjPlot: Data Visualization for Statistics in Social Science. R package version 2.8.15. Available at: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=sjPlot."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-008-9146-7"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020921"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2325243"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldaa010"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515590125"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221145954"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00826-4"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22338"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r37","first-page":"e55","article-title":"A mixed methods evaluation of a World Health Organization competency-based training package for foundational helping skills among pre-service and in-service health workers in Nepal, Peru and Uganda","volume":"10","author":"Pedersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r50","unstructured":"United Nations Network on Racial Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (2022) Guidance Note on Intersectionality, Racial Discrimination & Protection of Minorities. Available at https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/issues\/minorities\/30th-anniversary\/2022-09-22\/GuidanceNoteonIntersectionality.pdf."},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09491-8"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276727"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04600-6_20"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r4","article-title":"Gender differences in Syrian refugees in Jordan: Psychological, self-esteem, family function, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction","author":"Al-Krenawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477670"},{"key":"S205442512510068X_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000724"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2026.10213","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000}}],"container-title":["Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S205442512510068X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:09:27Z","timestamp":1781176167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S205442512510068X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S205442512510068X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr11","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr8","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr12","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr9","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr10","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr5","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr6","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr13","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1017\/gmh.2025.10068.pr7","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2054-4251"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-4251","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e115"}}