{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:50:54Z","timestamp":1781376654331,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]],"date-time":"2015-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA) infections due to USA300 have become widespread in community and healthcare settings. It is unclear whether risk factors for bloodstream infections (BSIs) differ by strain type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the epidemiology of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>BSIs, including USA300 and non-USA300 MRSA strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective observational study with molecular analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs4\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>SETTING<\/jats:title><jats:p>Large urban public hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs5\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>PATIENTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>BSIs from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs6\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used electronic surveillance data to identify cases of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>BSI. Available MRSA isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Poisson regression was used to evaluate changes in BSI incidence over time. Risk factor data were collected by medical chart review and logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis of risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs7\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1,015 cases of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>BSIs were identified during the study period; 36% were due to MRSA. The incidence of hospital-onset (HO) MRSA BSIs decreased while that of community-onset (CO) MRSA BSIs remained stable. The rate of CO\u2013 and HO\u2013 methicillin-susceptible<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>infections both decreased over time. More than half of HO-MRSA BSIs were due to the USA300 strain type and for 4 years, the proportion of HO-MRSA BSIs due to USA300 exceeded 60%. On multivariate analysis, current or former drug use was the only epidemiologic risk factor for CO- or HO-MRSA BSIs due to USA300 strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X15002135_abs8\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>USA300 MRSA is endemic in communities and hospitals and certain populations (eg, those who use illicit drugs) may benefit from enhanced prevention efforts in the community.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.<\/jats:italic>2015;36(12):1417\u20131422<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,15]],"date-time":"2015-09-15T23:01:12Z","timestamp":1442358072000},"page":"1417-1422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Evolving Epidemiology of<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>Bacteremia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yoona","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Aroutcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bala","family":"Hota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Popovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref9","first-page":"992","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in correctional facilities\u2014Georgia, California, and Texas, 2001-2003","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref17","first-page":"1970","article-title":"National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011","volume":"173","author":"Dantes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Int Med"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207781439702"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.108-118.2006"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1299"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00204"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499815"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651076"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592709"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu410"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661598"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1086\/502213","article-title":"SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus","volume":"24","author":"Muto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5113-5120.2003"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425313"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.10.1026"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref28","first-page":"197","article-title":"Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among dialysis patients\u2014United States, 2005","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit546"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit010"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4050-4053.2004"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042859"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207290"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528716"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675283"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.15.1763"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055356"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429827"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587893"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.8.593"},{"key":"S0899823X15002135_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043252"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; 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