{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T06:26:33Z","timestamp":1783837593757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine risk factors for carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) and to determine the prognostic impact of CPOs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective matched case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as3\"><jats:title>Patients:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inpatients across Scotland in 2010\u20132016 were included. Patients with a CPO were matched with 2 control groups by hospital, admission date, specimen type, and bacteria. One group comprised patients either infected or colonized with a non-CPO and the other group were general inpatients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as4\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conditional logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for CPO infection and colonization, respectively. Mortality rates and length of postisolation hospitalization were compared between CPO and non-CPO patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 70 CPO infection cases (with 210 general inpatient controls and 121 non-CPO controls) and 34 CPO colonization cases (with 102 general inpatient controls and 60 non-CPO controls) were identified. Risk factors for CPO infection versus general inpatients were prior hospital stay (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52\u201310.78;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .005), longer hospitalization (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.10;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; .001), longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.98;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .045), and immunodeficiency (aOR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.16\u201311.66;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .027). Risk factors for CPO colonization were prior high-dependency unit (HDU) stay (aOR, 11.46; 95% CI, 1.27\u2013103.09;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .030) and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic (ENM) diseases (aOR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.02\u201311.33;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .046). Risk factors for CPO infection versus non-CPO infection were prolonged hospitalization (aOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00\u20131.03;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .038) and HDU stay (aOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.26;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .024). No differences in mortality rates were detected between CPO and non-CPO patients. CPO infection was associated with longer hospital stay than non-CPO infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .041).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20013513_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A history of (prolonged) hospitalization, prolonged ICU or HDU stay; ENM diseases; and being immunocompromised increased risk for CPO. CPO infection was not associated with increased mortality but was associated with prolonged hospital stay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.1351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T08:38:58Z","timestamp":1608626338000},"page":"968-977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk factors for carbapenemase-producing organisms among inpatients in Scotland: A national matched case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7366-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan R.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo E.","family":"Chase-Topping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.J.","family":"Woolhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X20013513_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340533"},{"key":"S0899823X20013513_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.06.017"},{"key":"S0899823X20013513_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1086\/423805","article-title":"Assessing risk factors for acquiring antimicrobial-resistant pathogens: a time for a comparative approach\u2014reply to Zavascki","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"S0899823X20013513_ref2","unstructured":"2. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}