{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:08:02Z","timestamp":1788278882400,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20000021_as1\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the microbicidal activity of low-temperature sterilization technologies (vaporized hydrogen peroxide [VHP], ethylene oxide [ETO], and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma [HPGP]) to steam sterilization in the presence of salt and serum to simulate inadequate precleaning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20000021_as2\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Test carriers were inoculated with\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , vancomycin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus, Mycobacterium terrae, Bacillus atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores,\n                      <jats:italic>Geobacillus stearothermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores, or\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridiodes difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores in the presence of salt and serum and then subjected to 4 sterilization technologies: steam, ETO, VHP and HPGP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20000021_as3\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Steam, ETO, and HPGP sterilization techniques were capable of inactivating the test organisms on stainless steel carriers with a failure rate of 0% (0 of 220), 1.9% (6 of 310), and 1.9% (5 of 270), respectively. The failure rate for VHP was 76.3% (206 of 270).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20000021_as4\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Steam sterilization is the most effective and had the largest margin of safety, followed by ETO and HPGP, but VHP showed much less efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T02:01:41Z","timestamp":1582682501000},"page":"391-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Comparative evaluation of the microbicidal activity of low-temperature sterilization technologies to steam sterilization"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"William A.","family":"Rutala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria F.","family":"Gergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Sickbert-Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.08.009"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141008"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.05.023"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502572"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)70034-3"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.01.017"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref1","unstructured":"1. Fields, R. Outpatient surgeries outnumber inpatient surgeries at 53M procedures a year. September 27, 2010. https:\/\/www.beckersasc.com\/news-analysis\/outpatient-surgeries-outnumber-inpatient-surgeries-at-53m-procedures-a-year.html. Accessed January 2019."},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.02.027"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref8","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Disinfection, Sterilization, and Antisepsis in Health Care","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524326"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.03.018"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.15.4.726-730.1967"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref2","unstructured":"2. Rutala, WA , Weber, DJ and HICPAC. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/pdf\/guidelines\/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf Published 2008. Accessed June 2019."},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)70018-5"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1956.tb12202.x"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref4","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Rutala","year":"In press"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.10.002"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref7","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","volume":"1","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.09.009"},{"key":"S0899823X20000021_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.01.018"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X20000021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T02:58:25Z","timestamp":1600225105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X20000021\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X20000021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2020.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}}}