{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:30:16Z","timestamp":1765758616563,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20004171_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical need during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alternative sources of surgical masks, including 3-dimensionally (3D) printed approaches that may be reused, are urgently needed to prevent PPE shortages. Few data exist identifying decontamination strategies to inactivate viral pathogens and retain 3D-printing material integrity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20004171_as2\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test viral disinfection methods on 3D-printing materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20004171_as3\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The viricidal activity of common disinfectants (10% bleach, quaternary ammonium sanitizer, 3% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% isopropanol and exposure to heat (50\u00b0C, and 70\u00b0C) were tested on four 3D-printed materials used in the healthcare setting, including a surgical mask design developed by the Veterans\u2019 Health Administration. Inactivation was assessed for several clinically relevant RNA and DNA pathogenic viruses, including severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20004171_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 and all viruses tested were completely inactivated by a single application of bleach, ammonium quaternary compounds, or hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, exposure to dry heat (70\u00b0C) for 30 minutes completely inactivated all viruses tested. In contrast, 70% isopropanol reduced viral titers significantly less well following a single application. Inactivation did not interfere with material integrity of the 3D-printed materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X20004171_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several standard decontamination approaches effectively disinfected 3D-printed materials. These approaches were effective in the inactivation SARS-CoV-2, its surrogates, and other clinically relevant viral pathogens. The decontamination of 3D-printed surgical mask materials may be useful during crisis situations in which surgical mask supplies are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T09:10:59Z","timestamp":1597223459000},"page":"253-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Diverse RNA and DNA Viruses on Three-Dimensionally Printed Surgical Mask Materials"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Welch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Mackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Aubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ortiz-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack T.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref10","first-page":"11","article-title":"Application of micro-scale 3D printing in pharmaceutics","author":"Kjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0236-4"},{"volume-title":"Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu","year":"2006","author":"Medicine","key":"S0899823X20004171_ref24"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403397r"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.07.003"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix462"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.07.009"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-018-0030-y"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref37","article-title":"Analysis of SteraMist ionized hydrogen peroxide technology in the sterilization of N95 respirators and other PPE: a quality improvement study","author":"Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2017.03.012"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.03.001"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref35","first-page":"11","article-title":"Distinct roles for sialoside and protein receptors in coronavirus infection","author":"Qing","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15108"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501591"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmaa031"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.04.009"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.011"},{"key":"S0899823X20004171_ref26","unstructured":"26. 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All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}