{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:43:58Z","timestamp":1786999438573,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We evaluated the robustness of sterilization technologies when spores and bacteria were placed on \u201cdirty\u201d instruments and overlaid with blood. The results illustrate that steam sterilization is the most effective sterilization technology with the largest margin of safety, followed by ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T01:59:29Z","timestamp":1621562369000},"page":"1262-1264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Does blood on \u201cdirty\u201d instruments interfere with the effectiveness of sterilization technologies?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"William A.","family":"Rutala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria F.","family":"Gergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.05.023","article-title":"Challenging the Sterrad 100 NX sterilizer with different carrier materials and wrappings under experimental \u201cclean\u201d and \u201cdirty\u201d conditions","volume":"38","author":"Diab-Elschahawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref1","unstructured":"1. Rutala, WA , Weber, DJ and HICPAC. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/pdf\/guidelines\/disinfection-guidelines-H.pdf. Published 2008. Accessed January 2021."},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref9","unstructured":"9. Reprocessing medical devices in healthcare settings: validation methods and labeling. Food and Drug Administration website. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/80265\/download. Published March 17, 2015. Accessed January 2021."},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2307\/30141008","article-title":"Comparison of ion plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, and 100% ethylene oxide sterilizers to the 12\/88 ethlyene oxide gas sterilizer","volume":"17","author":"Alfa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2019-009422","article-title":"Work systems analysis of sterile processing: decontamination","volume":"29","author":"Alfred","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1086\/524326","article-title":"Impact of an oil-based lubricant on the effectiveness of the sterilization processes","volume":"29","author":"Rutala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.03.018","article-title":"Validation of adenosine triphosphate to audit manual cleaning of flexible endoscope channels","volume":"41","author":"Alfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2019.01.017","article-title":"Reprocessing endoscopes: are we going to ensure \u201cthe needs of the patient come first\u201d by shifting from disinfection to sterilization?","volume":"47","author":"Rutala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.2","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the microbicidal activity of low-temperature sterilization technologies to steam sterilization","volume":"41","author":"Rutala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21002026_ref10","unstructured":"10. Richter, SG. Reusable medical device disinfection and cleaning validation requirements. Infection Control Today website. https:\/\/www.infectioncontroltoday.com\/view\/reusable-medical-device-disinfection-and-cleaning-validation-requirements. Published May 10, 2011. Accessed January 2021."}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X21002026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T08:13:22Z","timestamp":1663316002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X21002026\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X21002026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2021.202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}