{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T16:10:05Z","timestamp":1772122205569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), underscoring the urgent need for simple, efficient, and inexpensive methods to decontaminate masks and respirators exposed to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We hypothesized that methylene blue (MB) photochemical treatment, which has various clinical applications, could decontaminate PPE contaminated with coronavirus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design:<\/jats:title>\n The 2 arms of the study included (1) PPE inoculation with coronaviruses followed by MB with light (MBL) decontamination treatment and (2) PPE treatment with MBL for 5 cycles of decontamination to determine maintenance of PPE performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n MBL treatment was used to inactivate coronaviruses on 3 N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) and 2 medical mask models. We inoculated FFR and medical mask materials with 3 coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and we treated them with 10 \u00b5M MB and exposed them to 50,000 lux of white light or 12,500 lux of red light for 30 minutes. In parallel, integrity was assessed after 5 cycles of decontamination using multiple US and international test methods, and the process was compared with the FDA-authorized vaporized hydrogen peroxide plus ozone (VHP+O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) decontamination method.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, MBL robustly and consistently inactivated all 3 coronaviruses with 99.8% to >99.9% virus inactivation across all FFRs and medical masks tested. FFR and medical mask integrity was maintained after 5 cycles of MBL treatment, whereas 1 FFR model failed after 5 cycles of VHP+O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n MBL treatment decontaminated respirators and masks by inactivating 3 tested coronaviruses without compromising integrity through 5 cycles of decontamination. MBL decontamination is effective, is low cost, and does not require specialized equipment, making it applicable in low- to high-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T01:58:02Z","timestamp":1621562282000},"page":"876-885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Addressing personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination: Methylene blue and light inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on N95 respirators and medical masks with maintenance of integrity and fit"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Sean","family":"Lendvay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2541-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian H.","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florine E. 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Selcen","family":"Kilinc-Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly 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Decontamination systems for personal protective equipment EUAs, 2020; 1\u20134. US Food and Drug Administration website. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices\/decontamination-systems-personal-protective-equipment-euas. Accessed December 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref18","unstructured":"18. NIOSH. Determination of exhalation resistance test, air-purifying respirators standard testing procedure (STP). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npptl\/stps\/pdfs\/TEB-APR-STP-0003-508.pdf. Published 2019. Accessed December 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref1","unstructured":"1. Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and considerations during severe shortages. World Health Organization website. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-and-considerations-during-severe-shortages. Published December 23, 2020. Accessed May 3, 2021."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.05.003"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14652"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30984-6"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879000200411"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref23","first-page":"119","article-title":"OMS). World health organization model list of essential medicines","volume":"21","author":"Organizaci\u00f3n Mundial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mental and Holistic Health: Some International Perspectives."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref17","unstructured":"17. ASTM F2100-19e1: Standard Specification for Performance of Materials used in Medical Face Mask. ASTM International website. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/DATABASE.CART\/HISTORICAL\/F2100-19E1.htm. Published 2019. Accessed May 18, 2021."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1986.9694050"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01906-07"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref22","unstructured":"22. Perdrau JR Charles T. The photodynamic action of methylene blue on bacteriophage. Proc R Soc Lond 1933;112277\u2013112287."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30501-6"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-004-0818-0"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.010"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref20","unstructured":"20. FDA letter, June 6, 2020. 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Accessed December 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9843"},{"key":"S0899823X21002300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30464-5"}],"container-title":["Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X21002300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T05:14:10Z","timestamp":1657516450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X21002300\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X21002300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2021.230","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.12.11.20236919","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}