{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:57:06Z","timestamp":1788184626361,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the short-term dynamics of methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) transmission between patients and their immediate environment. We conducted a real-life microbiological evaluation of environmental MRSA contamination in hospital rooms in relation to recent patient activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational pilot study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hospitals, hospital 1 in Zurich, Switzerland, and hospital 2 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as4\"><jats:title>Patients:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inpatients with MRSA colonization or infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as5\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, the groin, axilla, nares, dominant hands of 10 patients and 6 environmental high-touch surfaces in their rooms were sampled. Cultures were then taken of the patient hand and high-touch surfaces 3 more times at 90-minute intervals. After each swabbing, patients\u2019 hands and surfaces were disinfected. Patient activity was assessed by interviews at hospital 1 and analysis of video footage at hospital 2. A contamination pressure score was created by multiplying the number of colonized body sites with the activity level of the patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as6\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 10 patients colonized and\/or infected with MRSA were enrolled; 40 hand samples and 240 environmental samples were collected. At baseline, 30% of hands and 20% of high-touch surfaces yielded MRSA. At follow-up intervals, 8 (27%) of 30 patient hands, and 10 (6%) of 180 of environmental sites were positive. Activity of the patient explained 7 of 10 environmental contaminations. Patients with higher contamination pressure score showed a trend toward higher environmental contamination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21003500_as7\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Environmental MRSA contamination in patient rooms was highly dynamic and was likely driven by the patient\u2019s MRSA body colonization pattern and the patient activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T10:43:01Z","timestamp":1630060981000},"page":"1147-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Understanding short-term transmission dynamics of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> in the patient room"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9028-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Wolfensberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Mang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Gontjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio D.","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lona","family":"Mody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Sax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X21003500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.359","article-title":"Transmission pathways of multidrug-resistant organisms in the hospital setting: a scoping review","volume":"40","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21003500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02836.x","article-title":"Body site colonization in patients with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other types of S. aureus skin infections","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"S0899823X21003500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1925-1927.2005","article-title":"Performance of CHROMagar MRSA medium for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Diederen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21003500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1086\/657944","article-title":"Contamination of hands with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after contact with environmental surfaces and after contact with the skin of colonized patients","volume":"32","author":"Stiefel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"S0899823X21003500_ref1","unstructured":"1. 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2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}