{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:30:31Z","timestamp":1792006231209,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21000489_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to global shortages of N95 respirators. Reprocessing of used N95 respirators may provide a higher filtration crisis alternative, but whether effective sterilization can be achieved for a virus without impairing respirator function remains unknown. We evaluated the viricidal efficacy of Bioquell vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) on contaminated N95 respirators and tested the particulate particle penetration and inhalation and exhalation resistance of respirators after multiple cycles of VHP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21000489_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For this study, 3M 1870 N95 respirators were contaminated with 3 aerosolized bacteriophages: T1, T7, and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      phage phi-6 followed by 1 cycle of VHP decontamination using a BQ-50 system. Additionally, new and unused respirators were sent to an independent laboratory for particulate filter penetration testing and inhalation and exhalation resistance after 3 and 5 cycles of VHP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21000489_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single VHP cycle resulted in complete eradication of bacteriophage from respirators (limit of detection 10 PFU). Respirators showed acceptable limits for inhalation\/exhalation resistance after 3 and 5 cycles of VHP. Respirators demonstrated a filtration efficiency &gt;99 % after 3 cycles, but filtration efficiency fell below 95% after 5 cycles of HPV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X21000489_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bioquell VHP demonstrated high viricidal activity for N95 respirators inoculated with aerosolized bacteriophages. Bioquell technology can be scaled for simultaneous decontamination of a large number of used but otherwise intact respirators. Reprocessing should be limited to 3 cycles due to concerns both about impact of clinical wear and tear on fit, and to decrement in filtration after 3 cycles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T01:02:58Z","timestamp":1612832578000},"page":"45-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Hydrogen peroxide vapor decontamination of N95 respirators for reuse"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8539-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn E.","family":"Kortright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Cintron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Russi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Epright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Balcezak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Havill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Martinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31142-9"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9843"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9056-7"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref10","unstructured":"10. Decontamination and reuse of filtering facepiece respirators. Centers for Disease Control website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/ppe-strategy\/decontamination-reuse-respirators.html. Published 2020. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.02.018"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30627-9"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.02.003"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.585927"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref4","unstructured":"4. Strategies for optimizing the supply of N95 respirators. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/respirators-strategy\/index.html. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref3","unstructured":"3. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/infection-control-recommendations.html. Published 2020. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref2","unstructured":"2. N95 respirators, surgical masks, and face masks. US Food and Drug Administration website. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control\/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks. Published 2020. Accessed on March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref9","unstructured":"9. APIC position paper: Extending the use and\/or reusing respiratory protection in healthcare settings during disasters. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology website. http:\/\/www.apic.org\/Resource_\/TinyMceFileManager\/Advocacy-PDFs\/APIC_Position_Ext_the_Use_and_or_Reus_Resp_Prot_in_Hlthcare_Settings1209l.pdf. Published 2009. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m477"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-164-6_7"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5424-6_7"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.379"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref5","first-page":"789","article-title":"Simple respiratory protection\u2014evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20\u20131000 nm size particles","volume":"54","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref14","first-page":"815","article-title":"Evaluation of five decontamination methods for filtering facepiece respirators","volume":"53","author":"Viscusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973"},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref16","unstructured":"16. Battelle. Final report for the Bioquell hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) decontamination for reuse of N95 respirators. US Food and Drug administration website. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/mcm-regulatory-science\/investigating-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-public-health-emergencies. Published 2016. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref21","unstructured":"21. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA reissues emergency use authorizations revising which types of respirators can be decontaminated for reuse. US Food and Drug Administration website. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-reissues-emergency-use-authorizations-revising-which-types. Published 2020. Accessed June 9, 2020."},{"key":"S0899823X21000489_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03850-12"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X21000489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T05:37:45Z","timestamp":1642570665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X21000489\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X21000489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2021.48","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20041087","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}