{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:35:49Z","timestamp":1769513749210,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gold standard for hand hygiene (HH) while wearing gloves requires removing gloves, performing HH, and donning new gloves between WHO moments. The novel strategy of applying alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) directly to gloved hands might be effective and efficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mixed-method, multicenter, 3-arm, randomized trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult and pediatric medical-surgical, intermediate, and intensive care units at 4 hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthcare personnel (HCP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as5\"><jats:title>Interventions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCP were randomized to 3 groups: ABHR applied directly to gloved hands, the current standard, or usual care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as6\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gloved hands were sampled via direct imprint. Gold-standard and usual-care arms were compared with the ABHR intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as7\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacteria were identified on gloved hands after 432 (67.4%) of 641 observations in the gold-standard arm versus 548 (82.8%) of 662 observations in the intervention arm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01). HH required a mean of 14 seconds in the intervention and a mean of 28.7 seconds in the gold-standard arm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01). Bacteria were identified on gloved hands after 133 (98.5%) of 135 observations in the usual-care arm versus 173 (76.6%) of 226 observations in the intervention arm (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01). Of 331 gloves tested 6 (1.8%) were found to have microperforations; all were identified in the intervention arm [6 (2.9%) of 205].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2300243X_as8\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with usual care, contamination of gloved hands was significantly reduced by applying ABHR directly to gloved hands but statistically higher than the gold standard. Given time savings and microbiological benefit over usual care and lack of feasibility of adhering to the gold standard, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization should consider advising HCP to decontaminate gloved hands with ABHR when HH moments arise during single-patient encounters.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold> NCT03445676.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2023.243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T09:37:15Z","timestamp":1700732235000},"page":"467-473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alcohol-based decontamination of gloved hands: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kerri A.","family":"Thom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwen L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5348-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather R.S.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jure","family":"Baloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Chasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7409-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Diekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loreen A.","family":"Herwaldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Kristie","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli N.","family":"Perencevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010217"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref11","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.05.003"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2003.32"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.8.821"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.08.004"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.82"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref16","unstructured":"16. How to handrub? World Health Organization website. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/integrated-health-services-(ihs)\/infection-prevention-and-control\/how-to-handrub-poster.pdf?sfvrsn=f5e8bfb1_6. Published online May 2009. Accessed October 24, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.11.015"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31823bc7c8"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.179"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.326"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref18","unstructured":"18. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for detection of holes in medical gloves D5151. In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM; 1999."},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650451"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588701"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/653201"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141985"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa130"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X02239569"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.04.007"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.09.004"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref2","unstructured":"2. Your Five Moments for Hand Hygiene. World Health Organization website. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/integrated-health-services-(ihs)\/infection-prevention-and-control\/your-5-moments-for-hand-hygiene-poster.pdf?sfvrsn=83e2fb0e_16. Published May 2009. Accessed October 25, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref12","unstructured":"12. Core concepts for hand hygiene: clean hand for healthcare personnel. Center for Disease Control and Prevention website. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/pdf\/strive\/HH101-508.pdf. Published May 1, 2019. Accessed October 25, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2012.04.010"},{"key":"S0899823X2300243X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675598"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X2300243X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T09:04:10Z","timestamp":1712653450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X2300243X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X2300243X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2023.243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}