{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:18:33Z","timestamp":1782317913552,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24001351_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>ViRTUE, a virtual reality (VR) hand hygiene trainer, offers users the option of visualizing pathogen transfers during virtual patient care either in \u201creal-time\u201d or at the end of a level as a \u201csummary\u201d visualization. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of different timings of pathogen visualization (\u201creal-time\u201d vs \u201csummary\u201d) on in-trainer performance and user\u2019s immersion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24001351_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included first-year medical students undergoing hand hygiene training with ViRTUE, randomized to one of three visualization set-ups: set-up 1 (\u201con-off-off\u201d, with \u201creal-time\u201d visualization at the first level only, and \u201csummary\u201d visualization at level 2 and 3), set-up 2 (\u201coff-on-off\u201d), and set-up 3 (\u201coff-off-off\u201d). In-trainer performance was defined by number of pathogen transmission events (=contaminations) in level 3. The virtual experience of user\u2019s (among others: immersion) was assessed with a questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24001351_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>173 medical students participated in the study, with 58, 54, and 61 assigned to set-up 1, set-up 2, and set-up 3, respectively. Users assigned to set-up 3 with \u201csummary\u201d visualization at all levels, performed best with 1.02 (standard deviation (SD) +\/- 1.86) contaminations, compared to 2.34 (SD +\/- 3.09) and 2.07 (SD +\/- 2.52) contaminations of users assigned to the other set-ups. \u201cSummary\u201d visualization at all levels also resulted in higher immersion of users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24001351_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u201cReal-time\u201d visualization of pathogen transmission during VR hand hygiene training with ViRTUE may negatively affect in-trainer performance and user immersion. This emphasizes the importance of pilot testing the effect of VR-based trainings in order to understand their impact on users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T09:31:13Z","timestamp":1728984673000},"page":"1202-1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["To see, or not to see\u2026 pathogens in virtual reality hand hygiene training"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9028-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Wolfensberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette C.","family":"D\u00e9siron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Domenech-Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Petko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7438-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Zingg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X24001351_ref19","first-page":"91","article-title":"Is virtual reality suitable for hand hygiene training in health care workers? 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