{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:33:43Z","timestamp":1780637623388,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24000709_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patient hands\u2019 contribution to disease transmission in healthcare settings is an important, understudied topic. We assessed correlation between patient functional dependence and hand contamination with multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) in acute-care settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24000709_as2\"><jats:title>Design, setting, and patients:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary, cross-sectional analyses of 399 general medicine patients enrolled in two tertiary-care hospitals over a six-month period. Our predictor was patient functional status evaluated using Katz Activities of Daily Living scale, scored as follows: functionally independent (scored 0), moderately dependent (score 1\u20133), and severely dependent (score of 4 or more). Our outcome was patient hand contamination with MDROs, including methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, and resistant gram-negative bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24000709_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 399 patients, 298 were functionally independent, 45 were moderately dependent, and 56 were severely dependent. Odds of MDRO hand contamination were 2.63 (95% CI, 1.21\u20135.72) times higher in the severely dependent category compared to the independent category. Patients with feeding dependence had the highest odds of hand contamination with MDROs (OR 4.76, 95% CI, 1.54\u201314.71), followed by continence, dressing, and toileting. In addition to patient colonization, environmental contamination with MRSA was associated with patient function, with odds 2.60 (95% CI, 1.16\u20135.82) times higher in severely dependent patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0899823X24000709_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with severe functional dependence are more likely to harbor MDROs on their hands and less likely to be able to cleanse them independently. Functionally dependent patients have high room contamination with MDROs. Patient hand hygiene interventions in the hospital should target this high-risk group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.70","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T05:48:18Z","timestamp":1715320098000},"page":"1300-1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Functional dependence as a contributing factor for patient hand contamination by multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) in acute care"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Trenton","family":"Behunin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganga","family":"Vijayasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lona","family":"Mody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3129-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X24000709_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e318268da23"},{"key":"S0899823X24000709_ref16","unstructured":"16. Wickham, H , Chang, W , Henry, L , et al. ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. Published online April 3, 2023. 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Gordon, M , Lumley, T. forestplot: Advanced Forest Plot Using \u201cgrid\u201d Graphics. Published online December 6, 2022. Accessed May 12, 2023. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/forestplot\/index.html"},{"key":"S0899823X24000709_ref18","unstructured":"18. Powell, C. CGPfunctions: Powell Miscellaneous Functions for Teaching and Learning Statistics. Published online November 12, 2020. 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