{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:23:47Z","timestamp":1790303027513,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102237_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in soil and water. There have been very few reports on the pathogenicity of\n                      <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in humans. In this prospective study, the emergence of cases affected by\n                      <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      during a period of 38 days was reported together with investigations into the sources of spread to hospitalized patients in a tertiary hospital.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102237_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood cultures of 45 patients grew\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in October and November, 2021. To identify the source and prevent further dissemination of the pathogen, all commonly used materials were examined. Samples obtained from alcohol\/water solutions yielded positive results for\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., which pointed to the main distilled water tank of the hospital, subsequently found to be the main source. All isolates were sent for molecular analysis by arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102237_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular analysis with AP-PCR of 29 positive cultures showed a closely related clone of\n                      <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 25 specimens, including 23 blood samples and two distilled water samples. Considering the rarity of true infections with\n                      <jats:italic>B. licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the mild clinical picture of the affected patients, the dissemination was considered to be a pseudo-outbreak.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102237_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prompt detection and elimination of any pathogenic spread and differentiation of a pseudo-outbreak from a true outbreak are of utmost importance in preventing unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, diagnostic procedures, and interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.10223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T07:34:02Z","timestamp":1754552042000},"page":"920-925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A widespread dissemination of\n                    <i>Bacillus licheniformis<\/i>\n                    in a tertiary hospital: an outbreak or pseudo-outbreak?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Secil","family":"Deniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pamukkale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Caliskan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pamukkale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif Seren","family":"Tanriverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burhan","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pamukkale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep Ceren","family":"Karahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9139-2328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilknur","family":"Kacar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pamukkale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4231-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse","family":"Kivrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pamukkale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirin","family":"Menekse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ko\u015fuyolu High Specialization Education and Research 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2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}