{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:04:55Z","timestamp":1788228295357,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the rate of healthcare personnel (HCP) glove or gown contamination with methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA) and to estimate which patient care interactions and HCP roles are associated with greater contamination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicenter cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five Veterans Affairs medical centers in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Patients and participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with a positive MRSA clinical or surveillance culture within the past 7 days were enrolled. Five HCP in the room were observed for each patient. After completion of tasks and prior to room exit, HCP gloves and gowns were cultured separately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 799 patients and obtained 3,832 glove and gown cultures. Contamination of HCP gloves or gown with MRSA occurred 713 of 3,832 (18.6%) of the time, while 589 of 3,832 (15.4%) of interactions resulted in contamination of gloves, and 319 of 3,831 (8.3%) of interactions resulted in contamination of gowns. The gloves and gowns of physical therapists and occupational therapists were most frequently contaminated. Any interactions that involved touching the patient resulted in glove or gown contamination in 622 of 2,901 (21.4%) of observations, while touching only the environment resulted contamination in 91 of 931 (9.8%) of observations. Rates of glove or gown contamination were similar in the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25102535_as6\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contamination of HCP gloves and gowns with MRSA occurs frequently when caring for Veteran patients particularly when there is direct patient contact. Hospitals may consider optimizing contact precautions by using fewer precautions for low-risk interactions and more precautions for high-risk interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.10253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T08:01:10Z","timestamp":1759824070000},"page":"1105-1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors associated with healthcare personnel glove or gown contamination with MRSA: a cohort study of VA hospitals in 5 states"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Lyndsay M.","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Bahr-Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7347-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gio J.","family":"Baracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami VA Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4542-992X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Bidwell","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Crnich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne F.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SVA Salt Lake Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and\u00a0Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SVA Salt Lake Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and\u00a0Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SVA Salt Lake Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and\u00a0Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Kristie","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli N.","family":"Perencevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref15","unstructured":"15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 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Accessed June 13, 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/long-term-care-facilities\/hcp\/prevent-mdro\/faqs.html"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007474"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae631.535"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.54"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref6","unstructured":"6. National Infectious Diseases Service (NIDS). Prevention of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Infections in VHA Inpatient Acute Care Facilities. Published online November 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2024.09.014"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1546298"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2024.40"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6809e2"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.111"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab696"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2023.269"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref1","unstructured":"1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Antimicrobial Resistance. October 5, 2022. Accessed January 29, 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antimicrobial-resistance\/about\/"},{"key":"S0899823X25102535_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.119"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X25102535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T09:08:46Z","timestamp":1779872926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X25102535\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X25102535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2025.10253","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. 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