{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:46:28Z","timestamp":1792118788628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25103231_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therapies provided in nontraditional settings or by individuals without knowledge of core principles of infection prevention and control (IPC) may place consumers at risk of adverse events. We summarize findings from our recent consultation experiences in the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to help identify targets for prevention efforts and enhanced consumer protections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25103231_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed records of DHQP consultations with state, local, or territorial health officials conducted from 2016 to 2023 to identify investigations involving nontraditional therapies or settings in the United States. Information collected included type of procedure or therapy, type of setting, pathogens involved, number of affected individuals, and types of IPC issues identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25103231_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1500 consultations, we identified 30 (2%) involving nontraditional therapies or settings. Therapies were performed for esthetic reasons, general wellness, or as treatment for pain. Infectious pathogens were identified in the blood, joint fluid, and skin and soft tissue, and included viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Investigations revealed breaches in injection safety, medical device reprocessing, medication preparation and handling, and environmental disinfection. Over 7000 consumers received notification regarding potential exposure to an infectious pathogen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25103231_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This summary highlights the potential infectious risks to consumers posed by nontraditional therapies, which may have unproven benefits and poorly defined risks. With continued expansion of nontraditional therapies and settings, consumers will benefit from education, training, and oversight of those who provide therapies in these settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.10323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T08:53:30Z","timestamp":1763974410000},"page":"175-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Summary of CDC consultations related to nontraditional therapies and settings, 2016\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7154-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B.","family":"Spicer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Beshearse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Perz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran M.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2018.0024"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6750a5"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref22","unstructured":"22. 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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection safety resources for providers. May 2024 [cited 10 Jan 2025]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injection-safety\/hcp\/resources\/index.html"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref4","unstructured":"4. Rhea, SK , Morrison, SE , Weaver, L , et al. 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USP Compendium, General Chapter <797>Pharmaceutical Compounding \u2014 Sterile Preparations [cited 10 Jan 2025]. https:\/\/www.usp.org\/compounding\/general-chapter-797"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref21","unstructured":"21. Food and Drug Administration. Consumer alert on regenerative medicine products including stem cells and exosomes. July 2020 [cited 10 Jan 2025]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/consumers-biologics\/consumer-alert-regenerative-medicine-products-including-stem-cells-and-exosomes"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7327a3"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502612"},{"key":"S0899823X25103231_ref20","unstructured":"20. Food and Drug Administration. TFAD. FDA highlights concerns with compounding of drug products by medical offices and clinics under insanitary conditions. October 2021 [cited 10 Jan 2025]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/human-drug-compounding\/fda-highlights-concerns-compounding-drug-products-medical-offices-and-clinics-under-insanitary"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X25103231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:38:41Z","timestamp":1792118321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X25103231\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X25103231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2025.10323","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2025","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is a work of the US Government and is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}