{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1775800683236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2500056X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A diagnostic flexible laryngoscopy using a flexible endoscope (FE) without a working channel can become contaminated when inserted through the nose to inspect the throat. Microbiological surveillance is necessary to ensure adequate reprocessing. A lack of knowledge exists about the most accurate way to assess microbiological contamination on the surface of FEs without a working channel. A scoping review of research on sampling techniques for FEs without a working channel was done to identify frequently used sampling techniques and to determine the best way to assess microbiological contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2500056X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases were searched. Data related to the sampling technique and bacterial contamination were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2500056X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve of the 378 studies met the inclusion criteria. None compared sampling techniques, most studies investigated the efficacy of several disinfection methods. Retrieved sampling techniques were immersion, swabbing, and wiping. Immersion and wiping could detect bacterial contamination on contaminated FEs without a working channel. Two out of six studies using a swabbing method found bacterial contamination on contaminated FEs without a working channel. Three studies using the swabbing method detected bacterial contamination after disinfection. One study did not retrieve microorganisms after disinfection using the swabbing method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2500056X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three different sampling techniques were extracted: immersion, wiping, and swabbing, which could all detect microbiological contamination on contaminated FEs without a working channel. However, this scoping review identified significant gaps in literature. Additional research is needed to determine the best sampling technique(s) for FEs without a working channel to detect microbiological contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.56","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T05:21:41Z","timestamp":1745212901000},"page":"635-640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sampling methods for flexible endoscopes without a working channel: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6283-018X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana","family":"Halmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wellenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Hopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Takes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.048"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-945181"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199305000-00004"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1190"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2018.012"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref15","unstructured":"15. Infectiepreventie SR. Reiniging, desinfectie en sterilisatie (herbruikbare) medische hulpmiddelen - Module 8 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.sri-richtlijnen.nl\/reiniging-desinfectie-sterilisatie-hulpmiddelen\/module-8."},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.1204"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref14","unstructured":"14. BM D, D J, E W, Committee. obotICiE. Infection Prevention and Control in Endoscopy 2021. Melbourne: Gastroenterological Society of Australia. 2021."},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref10","unstructured":"10. Department of Health and Human Services Collaboration. Duodenoscope Surveillance Sampling & Culturing - Reducing the Risks of Infection 2018 [Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/111081\/download."},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21146"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.14119"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-018-0293-8"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275488"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref4","unstructured":"4. Surgery AAoOHaN. 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Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2010."},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref28","first-page":"166","article-title":"Microbiological surveillance of endoscopes and implications for current reprocessing procedures adopted by an Italian teaching hospital","volume":"32","author":"Cottarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112000746"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224583"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2011.11.009"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-122073","article-title":"ESGE-ESGENA technical specification for process validation and routine testing of endoscope reprocessing in washer-disinfectors according to EN ISO 15883, parts 1, 4, and ISO\/TS 15883-5","volume":"49","author":"Beilenhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24665"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E259","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1392099","article-title":"Infectious diseases linked to cross-contamination of flexible endoscopes","volume":"3","author":"Kenters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"S0899823X2500056X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588412X13171221589937"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X2500056X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:06:24Z","timestamp":1775797584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X2500056X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X2500056X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2025.56","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}