{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:26:30Z","timestamp":1785414390923,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000807_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the study is to analyze bloodstream infection (BSI) data reported by outpatient hemodialysis facilities to understand temporal trends, the potential impact of infection prevention practices and the COVID-19 pandemic on BSI rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000807_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outpatient hemodialysis facilities report BSI data to the National Healthcare Safety Network. We used interrupted time series with mixed effects negative binomial modeling to estimate the annual change of BSI rates from 2012 to 2021, using March 2020 as the COVID-19 inflection point. The model controlled for seasonal factors, vascular access types, and facility characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000807_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The number of facilities used for analysis increased from 5,581 in 2012 to 7,313 in 2021. Most facilities were freestanding (range: 90%\u201393%) and belonged to for-profit organizations (range: 85%\u201388%). The annual adjusted BSI rates decreased by an average of 8.90% (95% CI: \u22129.10 %, \u22128.71%) January 2012-February 2020. The annual decrease in BSI rate was not significant during March 2020-December 2021 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.15). There was a level drop of 32.03% (95%CI: \u221233.84%, \u221230.17%) in BSI rates in the period of March 2020-December 2021 compared with the period of January 2012-February 2020.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000807_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BSI rates decreased steadily from January 2012 to February 2020 likely due to the identification and adoption of evidence-based prevention practices. BSI rates plateaued at lower levels during March 2020-December 2021. This suggests that infection prevention measures implemented by facilities prior to the emergence of COVID-19 contributed to substantial decreases in BSI rates and may have helped to stabilize BSI rates after March 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.80","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T06:31:50Z","timestamp":1766039510000},"page":"229-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends of bloodstream infection incidence rates among patients on outpatient hemodialysis, National Healthcare Safety Network, 2012\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2585-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qunna","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease 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Prevention"},{"name":"Leidos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8736-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Fike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4078-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Benin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeneita","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/042twtr12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centers for Disease Control and 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Sibbel SH, A , Van, W , Jordan, L , Tentori, F ; Nissenson, AR , Brunelli, SM . Association Between Antimicrobial Barrier Cap Use and Outcomes Among Hemodialysis Patients Using a Central Venous Catheter. https:\/\/www.asn-online.org\/education\/kidneyweek\/2020\/program-abstract.aspx?controlId=3442083. Accessed February 9, 2024,"},{"key":"S0899823X25000807_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2006.00137.x"},{"key":"S0899823X25000807_ref1","unstructured":"1. United States Renal Data System. 2022 USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2022"},{"key":"S0899823X25000807_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.4.235"},{"key":"S0899823X25000807_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.70"},{"key":"S0899823X25000807_ref12","unstructured":"12. Alan Kliger, M . 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Making Dialysis Safer For Patients Coalition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dialysis\/coalition\/index.html. Accessed June 26, 2023"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X25000807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:34:15Z","timestamp":1771929255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X25000807\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X25000807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2025.80","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}