{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:10:36Z","timestamp":1768806636093,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided strategies, such as extended use and reuse, to preserve N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFR). We aimed to assess the prevalence of N95 FFR contamination with SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare personnel (HCP) in the Emergency Department (ED).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Real-world, prospective, multicenter cohort study. N95 FFR contamination (primary outcome) was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six academic medical centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ED HCP who practiced N95 FFR reuse and extended use during the COVID-19 pandemic between April 2021 and July 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Primary exposure:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total number of COVID-19-positive patients treated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as6\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two-hundred forty-five N95 FFRs were tested. Forty-four N95 FFRs (18.0%, 95% CI 13.4, 23.3) were contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The number of patients seen with COVID-19 was associated with N95 FFR contamination (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3 [95% CI 1.5, 3.6]). Wearing either surgical masks or face shields over FFRs was not associated with FFR contamination, and FFR contamination prevalence was high when using these adjuncts [face shields: 25% (16\/64), surgical masks: 22% (23\/107)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X25000923_as7\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to patients with known COVID-19 was independently associated with N95 FFR contamination. Face shields and overlying surgical masks were not associated with N95 FFR contamination. N95 FFR reuse and extended use should be avoided due to the increased risk of contact exposure from contaminated FFRs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2025.92","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T13:32:44Z","timestamp":1752499964000},"page":"825-830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["N95\n                    <sup>\u00ae<\/sup>\n                    filtering facepiece respirator contamination with SARS-CoV-2 following reuse and extended use"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0311-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Protection Center of Excellence"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nida F.","family":"Degesys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jahan","family":"Fahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delbert","family":"Harnish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Protection Center of Excellence"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney M.C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efrat","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rothmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaishal","family":"Tolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4495-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Q.","family":"Yaffee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7865-6139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine N.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Raven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the ReuseN95 Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref14","unstructured":"14. 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Summary for healthcare facilities: strategies for optimizing the supply of n95 respirators during shortages. https:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/-\/media\/tjc\/documents\/covid19\/summary-strategies-to-optimize-the-supply-of-ppe-during-shortages-_-cdc.pdf. Published 2021. Accessed April 09, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.902954"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.53631"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref21","unstructured":"21. O&M Halyard Inc. O&M halyard inc #46827. product specifications., https:\/\/mms.mckesson.com\/product\/286250\/OM-Halyard-Inc-46827. Published n.d. Accessed June 12, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9843"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194358"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref1","unstructured":"1. NIOSH. NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/96-101\/default.html. Published 1996. Accessed April 09, 2023."},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S324233"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01581"},{"key":"S0899823X25000923_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006434"}],"container-title":["Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0899823X25000923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T10:38:46Z","timestamp":1762425526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0899823X25000923\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899823X25000923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2025.92","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-823X","1559-6834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-823X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-6834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}