{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:12:26Z","timestamp":1788873146874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2610508X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether wind-driven natural ventilation in the Infectious Diseases Treatment Module (IDTM) can achieve ventilation performance consistent with airborne precaution requirements [160 liters per second (L\/s)] and to estimate associated pathogen-specific infection risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2610508X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An experimental campaign of air velocity measurements and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      decays were conducted to validate the developed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The validated CFD model simulated wind-driven natural ventilation (1\u20134 m\/s) for an L-shaped IDTM configuration under four structural scenarios defined by the presence or absence of patient porches and mosquito nets. Airborne infection risk was estimated using a Wells\u2013Riley quanta-based model for seven representative airborne pathogens under short-duration healthcare worker exposure and prolonged patient co-exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2610508X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ventilation performance varied widely based on wind speed and structural configuration. Airflow ranged from 7 L\/s in the most restricted configuration (porch and mosquito nets present at 1 m\/s) to over 3,100 L\/s when mosquito nets were removed at 4 m\/s.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>When mapped to infection-risk estimates, ventilation rates at 160 L\/s substantially reduced short-duration healthcare worker infection risk for all pathogens (\u22641%), whereas prolonged co-exposure remained associated with high risk for high-emission pathogens despite high ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0899823X2610508X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under favorable wind conditions and optimized configurations, the IDTM can achieve ventilation rates consistent with the 160 L\/s recommendation for airborne precautions. While this provides substantial protection for healthcare workers, individual-room isolation remains essential for patient management. Operationally, removing window-mounted nets is the most effective way to ensure safety targets are met; hybrid ventilation measures should be considered during low-wind conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2026.10508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:48:15Z","timestamp":1784191695000},"page":"894-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural ventilation performance for airborne diseases management in a deployable treatment facility"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Fontana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f80g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gino","family":"Cortellessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2959-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-8171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Silenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f80g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5407-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f80g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Chaillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01f80g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"World Health Organization"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Wunderlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital T\u00fcbingen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Buonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0899823X2610508X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105794"},{"key":"S0899823X2610508X_ref18","unstructured":"18. 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