{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:45:06Z","timestamp":1786999506722,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ir. j. psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S079096671800040X_abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is renewed interest in the inverse association between psychiatric hospital and prison places, with reciprocal time trends shown in more than one country. We hypothesised that the numbers of admissions to psychiatric hospitals and committals to prisons in Ireland would also correlate inversely over time (i.e. dynamic measures of admission and committal rather than static, cross-sectional numbers of places).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S079096671800040X_abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Publicly available activity statistics for psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland were collated from 1986 to 2010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S079096671800040X_abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a reciprocal association between psychiatric admissions and prison committals (Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.788,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001), an increase of 91 prison committals for every 100 psychiatric hospital admissions foregone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S079096671800040X_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Penrose\u2019s hypothesis applies to admissions to psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland over time (dynamic measures), just as it does to the numbers of places in psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland and elsewhere (static, cross-sectional measures). Although no causal connection can be definitively established yet, mentally disordered prisoners are usually known to community mental health services. Psychiatric services for prisons and the community should be linked to ensure that the needs of those currently accessing care through prisons can also be met in the community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2018.40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T05:17:30Z","timestamp":1542259050000},"page":"182-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A 25-year dynamic ecological analysis of psychiatric hospital admissions and prison committals: Penrose\u2019s hypothesis updated"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"C. J.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-1384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. D.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. G.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2433"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref11","volume-title":"Mental Illness, Human Rights and the Law","author":"Kelly","year":"2016"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Forecasting the prison population: predicting the consequences of sentencing policy","volume":"11","author":"Grove","year":"1998","journal-title":"Operational Research Insight"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1939.tb00704.x"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref1","volume-title":"The Drugs Situation in Ireland","author":"Bates","year":"2017"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S079096670000063X"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-011-9420-y"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.020"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref10","first-page":"373","article-title":"Penrose\u2019s law in Ireland: an ecological analysis of psychiatric inpatients and prisoners","volume":"100","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref7","unstructured":"Irish Prison Service (2011). Annual Report 2010. Irish Prison Service: Longford."},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142163"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref3","unstructured":"Central Statistics Office (2018). Census through history. (https:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/census\/censusthroughhistory\/). Accessed 28 August 2018."},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.05.015"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref5","volume-title":"HRB Statistics Series 22. Irish Psychiatric Units and Hospitals Census 2013.","author":"Daly","year":"2013"},{"key":"S079096671800040X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0097-z"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S079096671800040X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T03:43:56Z","timestamp":1630467836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S079096671800040X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S079096671800040X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ipm.2018.40","relation":{},"ISSN":["0790-9667","2051-6967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0790-9667","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-6967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 College of Psychiatrists of Ireland 2018\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}