{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:32:40Z","timestamp":1774467160281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir. j. psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0790966723000174_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine if the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a differential effect over a 2-year time period in relation to its psychological and social impact on patients with established anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966723000174_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 individuals attending the Galway-Roscommon Mental Health Services in Ireland\u00a0with an ICD-10 diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. Interviews occurred at three time-points over a 2-year period to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on anxiety and depressive symptoms, social and occupational functioning, and quality of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966723000174_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No statistical difference in symptomatology was noted between the three time-points in relation to anxiety symptoms as measured utilising psychometric rating scales (Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) or Likert Scale measures). The greatest impact of COVID-19 at all time-points related to social functioning and quality of life. Significant variability was noted for individual participants. Qualitative analysis noted a tentative optimism for the future in the setting of vaccination and societal re-opening. Fear of re-emerging anxiety symptoms with the removal of societal restrictions was noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966723000174_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant overall change in symptomatology or functioning over time was noted for individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders, however variability was demonstrated, with some individuals describing ongoing anxiety, social isolation and concern for their future. A strong theme of hope for the future and less concern regarding the COVID-19 pandemic was evident; however tailored supports including the utilisation of tele-psychiatry is suggested, particularly for those experiencing increased anxiety with the removal of societal restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2023.17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T08:59:55Z","timestamp":1681376395000},"page":"437-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 2-year longitudinal evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Mulholland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Plunkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hennigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Hallahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.30"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.098"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.069"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.32"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30482-X"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13219"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30491-0"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2215"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i12.1387"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref9","first-page":"399","article-title":"Depression and anxiety during COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Daly","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01351-y"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.75"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.84"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(95)71666-8"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref15","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Clinical Global Impressions, ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology","author":"Guy","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600504"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20758"},{"key":"S0790966723000174_ref36","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. 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