{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:32:39Z","timestamp":1774467159097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir. j. psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0790966724000089_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine if the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a differential effect longitudinally in relation to its psychological and functional impact on patients with bipolar disorder and Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966724000089_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 individuals attending the Galway-Roscommon Mental Health Services with an ICD-10 diagnosis of either bipolar disorder (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 18) or EUPD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed in relation to anxiety and mood symptoms, social and occupational functioning, and quality of life utilising psychometric instruments and Likert scale data, with qualitative data assessing participants\u2019 subjective experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966724000089_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with EUPD exhibited significant anxiety and depressive symptoms and increased hopelessness compared to individuals with bipolar disorder. Repeated measures data demonstrated no significant change in symptomatology for either the EUPD or bipolar disorder group over time, but demonstrated an improvement in social (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 4.40, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and occupational functioning (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 3.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03), and in quality of life (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = 4.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) for both participant groups. Themes attained from qualitative data included the positive impact of the discontinuation of COVID-19 mandated restrictions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 19), and difficulties experienced secondary to reductions in the provision of mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 17).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0790966724000089_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with EUPD demonstrated increased symptomatology over a two-year period compared to those with bipolar disorder. The importance of face-to-face mental health supports for this cohort are indicated, particularly if future pandemics impact the delivery of mental health services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2024.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T10:34:28Z","timestamp":1717151668000},"page":"284-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A two-year longitudinal evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health service attenders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"O\u2019Gorman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Rainford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Devaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"O\u2019Mahony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Hallahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2023.17"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.75"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.037"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.30"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.186"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00662-z"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref18","first-page":"396","article-title":"A longitudinal evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a cohort of patients treated with clozapine","volume":"1-6","author":"Rainford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref4","volume-title":"BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale: Manual","author":"Beck","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1059-3"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.32"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-7962-x"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13219"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09926-7"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2021.38"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of social distancing on people with borderline personality disorder: the views of dialectical behavioural therapists","volume":"42","author":"Lakeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Issues in Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2215","article-title":"Mental health services during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: results from the EPA ambassadors survey and implications for clinical practice","volume":"64","author":"Rojnic Kuzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0790966724000089_ref22","unstructured":"WHO Outbreak Communication Guidelines (2020), from https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/WHO_CDS_2005_28\/en\/. 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