{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:16:27Z","timestamp":1788509787085,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir. j. psychol. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0790966726102158_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Ireland, data on dual diagnosis (DD) is limited. This study aims to describe the characteristics of deaths among people who both used drugs and had a mental health (MH) condition to better understand DD and to help improve the provision of DD services in Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0790966726102158_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the National Drug-Related Deaths Index (NDRDI) was used to identify deaths among people who used drugs and had history of at least one MH condition. Sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, substance use, MH conditions, and type and cause of death, stratified by sex, were analysed descriptively. Variance by MH condition was examined using cross tabulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0790966726102158_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2019 and 2021, 567 deaths met the inclusion criteria. The majority (67.9%) were men. The mean age was 42 years. The most common drugs used were cocaine (47.6%), heroin (37.4%) and cannabis (36.3%). The most common MH conditions were depressive disorders (52.7%), anxiety disorders (36.7%) and specific personality disorders (16.6%). Misadventure (46.6%) and suicide (27.2%) were the most frequent verdicts recorded. Almost equal proportions of deaths were poisonings (48.9%) and non-poisonings (51.1%). Most poisoning deaths involved an opioid-type drug and\/or polysubstances (83.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0790966726102158_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NDRDI data enables in-depth description of those who died with DD in Ireland. While it does not provide comparisons with those who survived, given the limited amount of research in this area in Ireland, the data contributes valuable insights into the issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2026.10215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:01:35Z","timestamp":1788508895000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual diagnosis and drug-related deaths (2019\u20132021): an Irish perspective"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzi","family":"Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003hb2249","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Health Research Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eamon","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Lead, HSE Addiction Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayanan","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Lead for Dual Diagnosis, HSE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003hb2249","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Health Research Board"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-122"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2077-8"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref49","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification Of Diseases and Related Health Problems","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.633"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref9","unstructured":"Daly, A , Lovett, H and Lynn, E (2024) Annual Report on the Activities of Irish Psychiatric Units and Hospitals 2023 (No. 21)."},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.108282"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221136461"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.025"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-026-01407-z"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2009.00133.x"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107847"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16055"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref29","volume-title":"National Drug Treatment Reporting System 2015\u20132021 Drug Treatment Data","author":"Kelleher","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref30","unstructured":"Kelleher, C , Riordan, F and Gopalakrishnan, A (2025) Drug Poisoning Deaths in Ireland in 2022: Data from the National Drug-Related Deaths Index (NDRDI), HRB StatLink Series 28."},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.034"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01101-y"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00372-7"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221115760"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15004"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.030"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref37","volume-title":"Treatment Services for People With Co-occurring Substance use and Mental Health Problems. A Rapid Realist Synthesis","author":"Minyard","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref7","volume-title":"Irish Probable Suicide Deaths Study - IPSDS. 2015\u20132018","author":"Cox","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref46","volume-title":"Comorbidity of Substance use and Mental Disorders in Europe","author":"Torrens","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202028"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108028"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.024"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2098-3"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05131-x"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref18","volume-title":"Mortality Among Drug Users in Europe: New and Old Challenges for Public Health (English)","author":"Giraudon","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13291"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-022-01006-6"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32316-5"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref40","unstructured":"National Working Group for Dual Diagnosis (2023) Dual Diagnosis National Clinical Programme: Model of care for people with mental disorder and co-existing substance use disorder (dual diagnosis)."},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100310"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1435031"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.1.11"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/02024458-201512000-00005"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15580"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref25","unstructured":"IBM (2023) IBM SPSS Statistics."},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00678"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-025-01460-y"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00207-2"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref12","volume-title":"Building on Experience: National Drugs Strategy 2001\u20132008","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.14044.2"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2026.2613732"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref39","volume-title":"Examining the Overprescribing of Benzodiazepines, Z Drugs and Gabapentinoids in Ireland","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108996"},{"key":"S0790966726102158_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0790966726102158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:01:38Z","timestamp":1788508898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0790966726102158\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0790966726102158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ipm.2026.10215","relation":{},"ISSN":["0790-9667","2051-6967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0790-9667","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-6967","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}